NNT ® 04-Фев-2015 22:17

Subsea Pipeline Engineering


Year: 2006
Language: english
Author: Andrew C . Palmer, Roger A. King
Publisher: PennWell Corporation
Edition: 1st
ISBN: 1-59370-013-X
Format: PDF
Quality: eBook
Pages count: 590
Description: Subsea Pipeline Engineering was the first of its kind, written by two of the world's most respected authorities in subsea pipeline engineering. The book is distilled from the authors' vast experience in industry and their world-renowned course on Subsea Pipeline Engineering.
OBSERVATION: The Cover Page is from the 2nd Edition, published in 2008.

About the Author

Professor Andrew Palmer is the Jafar Research Professor of Petroleum Engineering at Cambridge University, England. He is also Visiting Professor of Engineering at Harvard University, USA, in 2002-2003. Professor Palmer is a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He has been engaged in marine pipeline engineering for 31 years, and has taken a leading part in many pipeline projects in the North Sea, the Middle East, Canada and the Far East. He is the author of more than 150 published papers on pipeline engineering, structures and geotechnics, and of a book on structural mechanics
Dr. Roger King has over 30 years experience of corrosion in the oil and gas, civil and nuclear industries. He has specialist knowledge of sweet and sour corrosion and its prevention by chemical inhibition, monitoring of corrosion, microbiological corrosion and the design of efficient cathodic protection systems for flowlines, structures and seabed installations. He has been an independent consultant since September 1989 and prior to this was a founder member of the Corrosion and Protection Centre Industrial Service (CAPCIS) at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST).

Contents

List of Figures . . . .xi
List of Tables .xv
Acknowledgments . . . .xvii
Preface .xix
1 Introduction . .1
1.1 Introduction .1
1.2 How This Book is Organized .3
1.3 Historical Background . .5
2 Route Selection . . . .9
2.1 Introduction .9
2.2 Physical Factors . .11
2.3 Interaction with Other Users of the Seabed . . . .14
2.4 Environmental and Political Factors . .16
2.5 Case Studies . . . .17
3 Carbon-Manganese Steels . . .23
3.1 Introduction . . . .23
3.2 Materials Specifications . . . .24
3.3 Material Properties . . .27
3.4 Pipe Production . .46
3.5 Pipe Fabrication .57
3.6 Pipe Variables . . .66
3.7 Specification Checklist . . . .68
4 Increasing Corrosion Resistance . .71
4.1 Introduction . . . .71
4.2 Methods of Improving Corrosion Resistance . . . .74
4.3 Available Corrosion-resistant Alloys . . .83
4.4 Manufacture of Corrosion-resistant Alloy Pipe . .91
4.5 Welding of Internally Clad Pipe . .98
4.6 Evaluating Corrosion Resistance .99
4.7 External Protection . .100
4.8 Cost Comparison . . .101
5 Welding . . . .105
5.1 Introduction . . .105
5.2 Welding Processes . . .106
5.3 Preparation for Welding Operations .110
5.4 The Welding Sequence . . .114
5.5 Manual, Semi-Automatic and Automatic Welding . . .117
5.6 Weld Composition . . .118
5.7 Weld Strengthening Mechanisms . . . .119
5.8 Heat-affected Zone . .120
5.9 Weld Imperfections . .121
5.10 Weldability of Pipe Steels .126
5.11 Consumable Composition and Coating . .127
5.12 Welding of Duplex Stainless Steels .128
5.13 Welding of Clad Pipe . . . .129
5.14 Weld Inspection . . . .130
5.15 Preferential Weld Corrosion . .133
5.16 Downstream Corrosion of Welds . . .134
5.17 Incomplete Penetration . .134
5.18 Possible Future Welding Techniques . . . .135
5.19 Underwater Welding . . . .137
5.20 Welding In-Service Pipelines . .144
6 Flexible and Composite Pipelines .149
6.1 Introduction . . .149
6.2 Fabrication . . . .150
6.3 Internal Corrosion . . .160
6.4 Sour Service . . . .161
6.5 External Corrosion . .162
6.6 Failure Modes of Flexible Pipes . . . .163
6.7 Inspection of Flexible Pipe . . . .164
6.8 Composite Pipelines .165
7 Internal Corrosion and Its Prevention .169
7.1 Introduction . . .169
7.2 Corrosion Mechanisms . . .172
7.3 Sweet Corrosion . . . .176
7.4 Corrosion in Oil Pipelines .183
7.5 Effects of Flow on Corrosion in Oil Pipelines . .186
7.6 Solids in Oil Pipelines . . . .190
7.7 Corrosion in Gas Pipelines . . . .192
7.8 Effects of Flow in Gas Pipelines . . . .194
7.9 Sour Corrosion .196
7.10 Water Injection Pipelines .208
7.11 Corrosion Inhibition . . . .210
7.12 Microbiological Corrosion . . . .212
8 External Corrosion, Coatings, Cathodic Protection,and Concrete . . . .221
8.1 External Corrosion . .221
8.2 External Coatings . . .225
8.3 Cathodic Protection .236
8.4 Concrete Weight Coating .260
8.5 Thermal Insulation Coatings . . .264
9 Pipeline Hydraulics . . .271
9.1 Introduction . . .271
9.2 Single-Phase Flow of Newtonian Fluids . .272
9.3 Calculation Example .280
9.4 Heat Transfer and Flow Temperature . . . .283
9.5 Hydrates . .285
9.6 Multi-Phase Flow . . .286
10 Strength . . . .293
10.1 Introduction . . .293
10.2 Design to Resist Internal Pressure . .294
10.3 Design to Resist External Pressure .301
10.4 Longitudinal Stress .306
10.5 Bending . .311
10.6 Indentation . . .319
10.7 Impact . . .321
11 Stability . . . .325
11.1 Introduction . . .325
11.2 Design Currents . . .326
11.3 Design Waves .327
11.4 Hydrodynamic Forces . . .333
11.5 Lateral Resistance . .343
11.6 Stability Design . . . .345
11.7 Interaction with Stability of the Seabed . .349
12 Construction . . . .355
12.1 Introduction . . .355
12.2 Lay Barge Construction . .355
12.3 Reel Construction . .367
12.4 Pull and Tow . .371
12.5 Trenching .377
13 Shore Approaches . . . .387
13.1 Introduction . . .387
13.2 The Coastal Environment . . . .388
13.3 Site Investigation . . .390
13.4 Beach Crossings . . .391
13.5 Horizontal Drilling .397
13.6 Rocky Coasts . .399
13.7 Tunnels . .399
13.8 Tidal Flats . . . .400
14 Upheaval Buckling, Lateral and Spans .403
14.1 Introduction . . .403
14.2 Upheaval Buckling . .404
14.3 Driving Force for Upheaval Lateral Buckling .406
14.4 Analysis of Upheaval Movements . .408
14.5 Measures That Can Be Taken to Prevent Buckling .411
14.6 Corrective Action if Buckling Takes Place . . . .413
14.7 Lateral Buckling . . .413
14.8 Span Formation . . . .415
14.9 Vortex Shedding . . . .416
14.10 Overstress . . .422
14.11 Hooking . . . .423
14.12 Span Correction . .425
15 Internal Inspections and Corrosion Monitoring . .431
15.1 Introduction . . .431
15.2 Access . . .433
15.3 Inspection Techniques . . .436
15.4 Pigs .439
15.5 Corrosion Monitoring: Intrusive Techniques . .443
15.6 Corrosion Monitoring: Non-intrusive Techniques . .453
15.7 Fluid Sampling . . . .455
16 Risk, Accidents, and Repair .459
16.1 Introduction . . .459
16.2 Failure Incidents . . .460
16.3 Reliability Theory . . .467
16.4 Minimizing Risk: Integrity Management .471
16.5 Repair . . .472
17 Decommissioning .477
17.1 Introduction . . .477
17.2 Legal and Political Background . . . .478
17.3 Alternatives . . .479
18 Future Development . .483
18.1 Introduction . . .483
18.2 Design . . .483
18.3 Materials .485
18.4 Connections . .487
18.5 Construction . .489
Appendix A: Glossary .493
Appendix B: Codes and Standards . . .517
Appendix C: Units . . .529

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