Year: 2009 Language: english Author: M. M. Cornish, E. E. Ives Genre: Handbook Publisher: Adlard Coles Nautical Edition: 3 ISBN: ISBN 978-1-4081-2552-6 Format: PDF Quality: eBook Pages count: 266 Description: In keeping with the original aim, this edition has been written primarily for serving and trainee deck officers on merchant ships and for fishermen. It is hoped that it will also be of value to yachtsmen and women and to all who have an interest in the sea and meteorology. We have avoided what appeared to us unnecessary in-depth theory, but at the same time have given as complete an explanation of various points as we considered appropriate. The book is principally designed as a suitable textbook for those studying for certificates of competency. As far as possible it anticipates changes in examination structures leading to Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) qualifications in the UK, and since similar changes are also taking place internationally, it should also appeal to other English-speaking readers. We have taken into account the vast range of information available through the Internet and included website addresses which we considered most appropriate for further reading at the end of some chapters. The choice of websites was difficult as there are many hundreds. A helpful Glossary is included and questions at the end of each chapter are designed to help the student to test his or her knowledge and understanding. Note: We have used the hectopascal (hPa) as the unit of pressure, both in the text and marked on diagrams showing isobars. It has exactly the same numerical value as a millibar but is the preferred equivalent SI unit. Until now the millibar has been used in the majority of meteorological publications and is still used in weather forecasts for the general public. However, hectopascals are used by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and are being steadily introduced and used in the same manner that Celsius has now almost totally replaced Fahrenheit as the unit of temperature measurement.
Contents
Preface viii Acknowledgements ix About the authors ix 1 The atmosphere 1 Composition Vertical distribution Variation of temperature and pressure with height 2 Solar radiation and temperature 5 Radiation as a form of heat transfer Diurnal temperature range Factors affecting the heating effect of solar radiation 3 Humidity and condensation 8 Water vapour Saturated and unsaturated air Dew point Absolute and relative humidity Hygroscopic nuclei 4 Classification of clouds 13 Characteristics of cloud types Associated height ranges Descriptions and illustrations (Photos 1 to 16) Weather indicated by cloud types 5 Cloud formation and development 18 Adiabatic heating and cooling The physics of cloud formation Lapse rates Stability and instability Causes of initial uplift of air 6 Precipitation 29 Rain and drizzle Types of rain Snow, sleet, hail, frost, sea spray, dew and rime 7 Thunderstorms 34 Causes Lightning and thunder Types of thunderstorm CONTENTS v8 Visibility 38 Definitions Types of fog Advection, frontal, radiation, Arctic sea smoke Mist, dust and haze Sound signals Use of radar 9 Atmospheric pressure and wind 43 Units of pressure Cause of wind Relationship between wind direction and force and isobars Buys Ballot’s Law Distinction between geostropic and gradient wind Effect of heating upon pressure Planetary system of pressure and winds Prevailing winds of the oceans Land and sea breezes Local winds 10 Sea and swell waves 59 Definitions Characteristics Formation of waves Relationship between the period of a ship’s roll and the period of waves Wave dimensions Shallow water effects Importance of observing and reporting wave data The Beaufort scale Illustrations 11 Air masses and associated weather 68 Sources and characteristics Classifications Polar and tropical air masses and associated weather 12 Isobaric patterns 76 Distinctive types General characteristics and weather associated with depressions, anticyclones, secondary depressions, troughs, ridges of high pressure, cols and straight isobars 13 Fronts and frontal depressions 84 Air mass boundaries Main frontal zones Frontal theory of formation of depressions The sequence of cloud and weather at fronts The process of occluding The movement of depressions Families of depressions 14 Non-frontal depressions 101 Formation Thermal, instability and orographic depressions 15 Anticyclones 105 Formation and properties Types Associated weather 16 Tropical revolving storms 109 Origins and life history Tracks Strengths of wind and sequence of likely weather Storm tides Seasons Regional names and details 17 Avoidance of the worst effects of a TRS 121 Natural warnings Radar and radio warnings Action required of masters Practical rules of avoidance in both northern and southern hemispheres M A R I T I M E M E T E O R O L O G Y vi18 Weather forecasting for the seafarer 132 The synoptic map Storm warnings Radio bulletins and forecasts Facsimile maps International aspects WMO Selected Ship Scheme Weather satellites Global warming 19 Forecasting the mariner’s own weather 140 Movements of fronts Rules for estimating Development of anticyclones Winds of the upper atmosphere Upper air charts 20 Ocean surface currents 151 Causes Characteristics General surface circulation Tabulated ocean currents 21 Sea ice 159 Physics and formation Development Icebergs Distribution and seasons Practical warnings Dangers of icing on deck 22 Weather routeing 166 Climatological routeing Synoptic routeing Weather routeing from shore specialists 23 Meteorological aspects of radar 173 Meteorological phenomena on radar Wave clutter Standard conditions Non-standard conditions 24 Meteorological factors of planning an ocean passage 177 General principles Recommended references Routeing charts 25 Brief notes on observations and instruments 181 Importance of being observant Logbook entries Aneroid barometers Barographs Hygrometers Sea thermometers Wind and the Beaufort scale Clouds Visibility Ocean currents A Meteorological Glossary 186 Appendix 1 Meteorology and care of cargo 216 Heavy weather Ventilation Hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic cargoes Cargo sweat Ship sweat Spontaneous combusion Meteorological factors affecting containers Appendix 2 Units and equivalent values 222 Index 225 Chart of ocean currents Inside back cove
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REEDS Maritime Meteorology
Language: english
Author: M. M. Cornish, E. E. Ives
Genre: Handbook
Publisher: Adlard Coles Nautical
Edition: 3
ISBN: ISBN 978-1-4081-2552-6
Format: PDF
Quality: eBook
Pages count: 266
Description: In keeping with the original aim, this edition has been written primarily for serving and trainee deck officers on merchant ships and for fishermen. It is
hoped that it will also be of value to yachtsmen and women and to all who have an interest in the sea and meteorology.
We have avoided what appeared to us unnecessary in-depth theory, but at the same time have given as complete an explanation of various points as we
considered appropriate. The book is principally designed as a suitable textbook for those studying for certificates of competency. As far as possible it anticipates changes in examination structures leading to Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) qualifications in the UK, and since similar changes are also taking place internationally, it should also appeal to other English-speaking readers.
We have taken into account the vast range of information available through the Internet and included website addresses which we considered most appropriate for further reading at the end of some chapters. The choice of websites was difficult as there are many hundreds.
A helpful Glossary is included and questions at the end of each chapter are designed to help the student to test his or her knowledge and understanding.
Note: We have used the hectopascal (hPa) as the unit of pressure, both in the text and marked on diagrams showing isobars. It has exactly the same
numerical value as a millibar but is the preferred equivalent SI unit. Until now the millibar has been used in the majority of meteorological publications and is still used in weather forecasts for the general public. However, hectopascals are used by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and are being steadily introduced and used in the same manner that Celsius has now almost totally replaced Fahrenheit as the unit of temperature measurement.
Contents
Preface viiiAcknowledgements ix
About the authors ix
1 The atmosphere 1
Composition Vertical distribution Variation of temperature
and pressure with height
2 Solar radiation and temperature 5
Radiation as a form of heat transfer Diurnal temperature range
Factors affecting the heating effect of solar radiation
3 Humidity and condensation 8
Water vapour Saturated and unsaturated air Dew point
Absolute and relative humidity Hygroscopic nuclei
4 Classification of clouds 13
Characteristics of cloud types Associated height ranges Descriptions
and illustrations (Photos 1 to 16) Weather indicated by cloud types
5 Cloud formation and development 18
Adiabatic heating and cooling The physics of cloud formation
Lapse rates Stability and instability Causes of initial uplift of air
6 Precipitation 29
Rain and drizzle Types of rain Snow, sleet, hail, frost, sea spray,
dew and rime
7 Thunderstorms 34
Causes Lightning and thunder Types of thunderstorm
CONTENTS
v8 Visibility 38
Definitions Types of fog Advection, frontal, radiation, Arctic sea
smoke Mist, dust and haze Sound signals Use of radar
9 Atmospheric pressure and wind 43
Units of pressure Cause of wind Relationship between wind
direction and force and isobars Buys Ballot’s Law Distinction
between geostropic and gradient wind Effect of heating upon
pressure Planetary system of pressure and winds Prevailing
winds of the oceans Land and sea breezes Local winds
10 Sea and swell waves 59
Definitions Characteristics Formation of waves Relationship
between the period of a ship’s roll and the period of waves Wave
dimensions Shallow water effects Importance of observing and
reporting wave data The Beaufort scale Illustrations
11 Air masses and associated weather 68
Sources and characteristics Classifications Polar and tropical air
masses and associated weather
12 Isobaric patterns 76
Distinctive types General characteristics and weather associated with
depressions, anticyclones, secondary depressions, troughs, ridges of high
pressure, cols and straight isobars
13 Fronts and frontal depressions 84
Air mass boundaries Main frontal zones Frontal theory of formation
of depressions The sequence of cloud and weather at fronts The
process of occluding The movement of depressions Families of
depressions
14 Non-frontal depressions 101
Formation Thermal, instability and orographic depressions
15 Anticyclones 105
Formation and properties Types Associated weather
16 Tropical revolving storms 109
Origins and life history Tracks Strengths of wind and sequence of
likely weather Storm tides Seasons Regional names and details
17 Avoidance of the worst effects of a TRS 121
Natural warnings Radar and radio warnings Action required of masters
Practical rules of avoidance in both northern and southern hemispheres
M A R I T I M E M E T E O R O L O G Y
vi18 Weather forecasting for the seafarer 132
The synoptic map Storm warnings Radio bulletins and forecasts
Facsimile maps International aspects WMO Selected Ship
Scheme Weather satellites Global warming
19 Forecasting the mariner’s own weather 140
Movements of fronts Rules for estimating Development of anticyclones
Winds of the upper atmosphere Upper air charts
20 Ocean surface currents 151
Causes Characteristics General surface circulation Tabulated ocean
currents
21 Sea ice 159
Physics and formation Development Icebergs Distribution and
seasons Practical warnings Dangers of icing on deck
22 Weather routeing 166
Climatological routeing Synoptic routeing Weather routeing
from shore specialists
23 Meteorological aspects of radar 173
Meteorological phenomena on radar Wave clutter Standard conditions
Non-standard conditions
24 Meteorological factors of planning an ocean passage 177
General principles Recommended references Routeing charts
25 Brief notes on observations and instruments 181
Importance of being observant Logbook entries Aneroid barometers
Barographs Hygrometers Sea thermometers Wind and the
Beaufort scale Clouds Visibility Ocean currents
A Meteorological Glossary 186
Appendix 1 Meteorology and care of cargo 216
Heavy weather Ventilation Hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic
cargoes Cargo sweat Ship sweat Spontaneous combusion
Meteorological factors affecting containers
Appendix 2 Units and equivalent values 222
Index 225
Chart of ocean currents Inside back cove
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Reeds Maritime Meteorology - Elaine Ives, Maurice Cornish [2019, EPUB/AZW/PDF]
Author: Elaine Ives, Maurice Cornish | Year: 2019 | Language: english | Format: EPUB/AZW/PDF | Quality: eBook | Pages count: 256 Print length | Genre: Handbook
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