zxc ® 15-Фев-2020 22:39

Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production


Year: 2018
Language: english
Author: Sukumar Laik
Genre: Technical book
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group,
Format: PDF
Quality: eBook
Pages count: 649
Description: Dr. Sukumar Laik who is presently professor (HAG) of the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India has served as faculty since 1977. He graduated in Petroleum Engg. from Indian School of Mines in 1973 and subsequently obtained his MTech and PhD degrees in Petroleum Engg. from the same institution. As an extra qualification he passed AMIE Sec B (equivalent to BTech) in Mechanical Engg.
Before joining Indian School of Mines, he worked for four years on designing and construction of plant piping and cross-country pipeline in India, Singapore and Indonesia while working with DOSAL Pvt. Ltd. During 1981–1983 he served as visiting faculty in Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria. His research areas include flow of oil through pipeline, stress analysis of pipeline, offshore drilling and production, hydraulic fracturing simulation and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Currently he is engaged in a new project on ‘Study of Nucleation of Gas Hydrates’ where an indigenously fabricated setup (the first of its kind in India) has been made. He has published approximately 60 technical papers in refered journals and has guided many MTech and PhD scholars. He has authored/edited two books, namely, ictionary of Petrochemical Engineering and Recent Trends in Exploration, Exploitation and Processing of Petroleum Resources. Presently his major area of research is kinetics of gas hydrates. He is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (USA) and a lifetime Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India).
He has held several positions in the academic committees outside ISM like member of National Gas Hydrates Programme of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, rules framing committees of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and also held administrative positions at IIT(ISM). He was head of the department of Petroleum Engg. from 2000 to 2008 and Dean (Students Welfare) from 2009 to 2012.

Contents

Preface......................................................................................................................xv
Author.................................................................................................................... xix
1. Introduction......................................................................................................1
1.1 Historical Background..........................................................................1
1.1.1 Era of Surface Oil and Gas Shows..........................................1
1.1.2 Onshore Oil and Gas Industry...............................................3
1.1.3 Offshore Oil and Gas Industry...............................................7
1.1.4 Genesis of ‘Offshore’.............................................................. 10
1.2 Background of Geology and Reservoir of Oil and Gas.................. 15
1.2.1 Geology of Rocks.................................................................... 15
1.2.2 Theory of Origin of Oil and Gas........................................... 17
1.2.2.1 Inorganic Theory..................................................... 18
1.2.2.2 Organic Theory....................................................... 19
1.2.2.3 Criteria and Mechanism for Generation
of Petroleum............................................................. 21
1.2.3 Migration of Oil and Gas.......................................................23
1.2.3.1 Primary Migration.................................................. 24
1.2.3.2 Secondary Migration..............................................25
1.2.4 Structure for Accumulation of Oil and Gas........................25
1.2.5 Reservoir Types and Drives..................................................34
1.2.5.1 Reservoir...................................................................34
1.2.5.2 Reservoir Characterisation....................................35
1.2.5.3 Types of Reservoirs.................................................44
1.2.5.4 Reservoir Drives......................................................47
1.2.6 Oil and Gas Reserve Estimation...........................................55
1.2.6.1 Reserve......................................................................55
1.2.6.2 Reserve Estimation.................................................58
1.3 Offshore Oil and Gas Operations...................................................... 70
1.3.1 Exploration............................................................................... 70
1.3.1.1 Geological Method.................................................. 70
1.3.1.2 Geophysical Method...............................................71
1.3.1.3 Geochemical Method..............................................75
1.3.2 Drilling..................................................................................... 76
1.3.2.1 Exploratory Drilling................................................ 76
1.3.2.2 Development Drilling............................................. 76
1.3.3 Production................................................................................77
1.3.4 Transportation......................................................................... 78
Bibliography.................................................................................................... 78
viii Contents
2. Ocean Environment/Sea States................................................................... 81
2.1 Meteorology.......................................................................................... 81
2.1.1 Atmosphere.............................................................................82
2.1.2 Wind.........................................................................................83
2.1.3 Weather Phenomenon............................................................85
2.1.4 Cloud........................................................................................92
2.2 Oceanography.......................................................................................94
2.2.1 Wave..........................................................................................94
2.2.1.1 Wave Description....................................................95
2.2.2 Current.....................................................................................97
2.2.3 Tides..........................................................................................99
2.2.4 Sea Ice..................................................................................... 101
2.2.4.1 Types of Sea Ice...................................................... 101
2.3 Sea Bed Soil......................................................................................... 102
Bibliography.................................................................................................. 106
3. Offshore Drilling and Production Platforms/Units............................. 107
3.1 Fixed Platforms.................................................................................. 107
3.1.1 Jacketed Platform.................................................................. 108
3.1.1.1 Well-Protector Platforms...................................... 112
3.1.1.2 Tender Platform..................................................... 114
3.1.1.3 Self-Contained Template Platform...................... 114
3.1.1.4 Self-Contained Tower Platform........................... 121
3.1.2 Gravity Platform................................................................... 123
3.1.2.1 Condeep Platform................................................. 123
3.1.2.2 Andoc and Sea Tank Platform............................. 131
3.1.2.3 CG Doris Platform................................................. 131
3.1.2.4 Installation of Gravity Platform.......................... 133
3.2 Compliant Platforms......................................................................... 136
3.2.1 Compliant Tower................................................................... 136
3.2.1.1 Installation of Compliant Tower......................... 138
3.2.2 Guyed Tower......................................................................... 139
3.2.3 Tension Leg Platform........................................................... 140
3.2.3.1 Installation of TLP................................................. 143
3.3 Mobile Units........................................................................................ 145
3.3.1 Bottom-Supported Unit........................................................ 147
3.3.1.1 Submersible............................................................ 147
3.3.1.2 Jack-Up.................................................................... 147
3.3.2 Floating Units........................................................................ 155
3.3.2.1 Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU)............ 156
3.3.2.2 Floating Production Unit..................................... 159
3.3.3 Buoyancy and Stability........................................................ 169
3.3.3.1 Theory and Analysis............................................. 169
3.3.3.2 Conditions of Stability.......................................... 179
Contents ix
3.3.3.3 Static versus Dynamic Stability.......................... 182
3.3.3.4 Other Stability Considerations............................ 183
3.3.4 Station Keeping..................................................................... 184
3.3.4.1 Conventional Mooring System............................ 187
3.3.4.2 Turret Mooring...................................................... 207
3.3.4.3 Dynamic Positioning System...............................209
Bibliography.................................................................................................. 221
4. Offshore Drilling........................................................................................223
4.1 Outline of Normal Drilling Operation...........................................223
4.1.1 Rotary Drilling Rig Operation and Its Components.......223
4.1.1.1 Hoisting..................................................................223
4.1.1.2 Rotation................................................................... 232
4.1.1.3 Circulation.............................................................. 242
4.1.2 Types of Configuration of Wells and Drilling Methods.... 247
4.1.2.1 Vertical and Directional Drilling........................ 248
4.1.2.2 Horizontal, Multilateral and Extended
Reach Well..............................................................258
4.1.2.3 Underbalanced, Managed Pressure,
and Dual Gradient Drilling................................. 261
4.1.3 Geochemical Aspects of Drilling through Salt
to Sub-Salt and Pre-Salt Layers........................................... 272
4.1.3.1 Drilling Challenges............................................... 273
4.1.3.2 Mitigating the Challenges Posed by Salt
and Sub-Salt........................................................... 276
4.2 Difference in Spudding from Land Drilling..................................280
4.2.1 Topsides.................................................................................. 281
4.2.2 Linkage between Topside and Subsea...............................286
4.2.2.1 Conductor............................................................... 289
4.2.2.2 Drilling Riser......................................................... 291
4.2.2.3 Guidance Systems................................................. 301
4.2.3 Subsea Drilling Unit.............................................................303
4.2.3.1 Guide Base and Drilling Template.....................303
4.2.3.2 Subsea Wellhead.................................................... 310
4.2.3.3 Subsea Blowout Preventer (BOP)........................ 315
4.2.4 Heave Compensator and Bumper Sub............................... 319
4.2.4.1 Heave Compensator.............................................. 320
4.2.4.2 Bumper Sub............................................................ 323
4.3 Procedure of Offshore Drilling........................................................ 323
4.3.1 Drilling from a Jack-Up........................................................ 324
4.3.2 Drilling from a Floating Unit.............................................. 329
Bibliography..................................................................................................334
x Contents
5. Offshore Well Completion........................................................................ 337
5.1 Basics of Well Completion................................................................ 337
5.1.1 Well Completion Equipment...............................................338
5.1.1.1 Subsurface Completion Equipment....................338
5.1.1.2 Surface Completion Equipment..........................350
5.1.2 Completion Specific Operations......................................... 352
5.1.2.1 Perforation.............................................................. 352
5.1.2.2 Gravel Packing.......................................................354
5.1.3 Well Completion Design......................................................356
5.2 Offshore Well Completion Methods...............................................366
5.2.1 Deck Level Completion........................................................366
5.2.1.1 Installation of Jacket over Template.................... 367
5.2.1.2 Tie-Back Methods.................................................. 369
5.2.2 Subsea Completion............................................................... 374
5.2.2.1 Types of Subsea Completion................................ 375
5.2.3 Subsea Completion Procedure............................................388
5.2.3.1 Christmas Tree Installation................................. 390
Bibliography.................................................................................................. 391
6. Offshore Production................................................................................... 393
6.1 Outline of Surface Production System............................................ 393
6.1.1 Oil and Gas Separation........................................................ 393
6.1.2 Treatment of Oil.................................................................... 398
6.1.3 Treatment of Gas...................................................................403
6.1.4 Treatment of Produced Water.............................................408
6.1.5 Storage of Oil and Gas.......................................................... 414
6.1.6 Transportation of Oil and Gas............................................ 416
6.2 Offshore Production System............................................................. 421
6.2.1 Fixed Production System..................................................... 421
6.2.1.1 Well Platform......................................................... 421
6.2.1.2 Process Platform.................................................... 424
6.2.1.3 Water Injection Platform......................................430
6.2.1.4 Offshore Terminals and Offloading Facility..... 432
6.2.2 Floating Production System................................................442
6.2.2.1 Topsides..................................................................443
6.2.2.2 Linkage between Subsea and Topside...............456
6.2.3 Subsea Production System................................................... 462
6.2.3.1 Subsea System Configuration..............................463
6.2.3.2 Selection of Subsea System for Different FPS....464
Bibliography..................................................................................................464
7. Offshore Storage.......................................................................................... 467
7.1 Above Water Storage......................................................................... 467
7.1.1 On Platform Storage Tank................................................... 467
Contents xi
7.1.2 Floating Storage..................................................................... 467
7.1.2.1 Barge Storage.........................................................468
7.1.2.2 Tanker Storage....................................................... 469
7.2 Over and Under Water Storage Tank.............................................. 475
7.2.1 Dubai–Khazzan Type Tank................................................. 476
7.2.2 Water Tower Type Tank.......................................................477
7.2.3 Elf-Ocean Type Tank............................................................ 478
7.3 Submerged Storage Tank..................................................................480
7.3.1 Cupola Type Tank.................................................................480
Bibliography.................................................................................................. 481
8. Offshore Pipeline........................................................................................483
8.1 Laying..................................................................................................484
8.1.1 Pull or Tow Method..............................................................485
8.1.1.1 Bottom Pull Method.............................................485
8.1.1.2 Off-Bottom Tow Method......................................486
8.1.1.3 Surface Tow Method/Flotation Method............ 487
8.1.1.4 Below Surface Tow or Mid-Depth Tow
Method....................................................................488
8.1.2 Reel Barge Method...............................................................489
8.1.2.1 Horizontal Reel Barge Method............................490
8.1.2.2 Vertical Reel Barge Method................................. 491
8.1.3 Lay Barge Method................................................................. 491
8.1.3.1 S-Lay Method......................................................... 492
8.1.3.2 J-Lay Method.......................................................... 498
8.1.4 Pipeline Burial and Anchoring...........................................500
8.2 Flow Assurance..................................................................................504
8.3 Pigging................................................................................................. 511
8.3.1 Pigging during Construction and Precommissioning.... 511
8.3.2 Pigging during Operation................................................... 513
8.3.2.1 Trunkline Systems................................................ 513
8.3.3 Pigging for Inspection.......................................................... 515
8.4 Corrosion and Maintenance............................................................. 515
8.4.1 Corrosion and Its Monitoring............................................. 515
8.4.2 Sub-Sea Pipeline Maintenance............................................ 525
Bibliography.................................................................................................. 527
9. Diving and ROV.......................................................................................... 529
9.1 Diving.................................................................................................. 529
9.1.1 Principle of Diving................................................................ 529
9.1.1.1 Buoyancy................................................................530
9.1.1.2 Heat Loss................................................................530
9.1.1.3 Pressure.................................................................. 531
9.1.1.4 Air Supply.............................................................. 531
9.1.1.5 Partial Pressure and Dalton’s Law...................... 531
xii Contents
9.1.1.6 Light........................................................................ 532
9.1.1.7 Sound...................................................................... 532
9.1.1.8 Underwater Physiology........................................533
9.1.1.9 Effect of Pressure...................................................533
9.1.1.10 Squeeze...................................................................533
9.1.1.11 Embolism................................................................534
9.1.1.12 Nitrogen Narcosis.................................................534
9.1.1.13 Oxygen Toxicity.....................................................534
9.1.1.14 Decompression Sickness......................................535
9.1.1.15 Hypercapnia...........................................................536
9.1.2 Diving Methods....................................................................536
9.1.2.1 Air Diving..............................................................536
9.1.2.2 Saturation Diving..................................................538
9.1.2.3 Hard Suit Diving................................................... 539
9.1.3 Diving Equipment................................................................540
9.1.3.1 Air Diving Equipment..........................................540
9.1.3.2 Diving Bell..............................................................544
9.1.3.3 Saturation Diving Systems...................................546
9.1.4 Diving Services.....................................................................546
9.1.4.1 Surveys and Inspections......................................547
9.1.4.2 Maintenance and Repair......................................547
9.1.4.3 Pipeline Construction...........................................547
9.1.4.4 Platform Installation.............................................548
9.1.4.5 Harbors – Port Facilities.......................................548
9.1.4.6 Offshore Drilling Support....................................548
9.1.4.7 Underwater Welding and Habitats.....................549
9.1.4.8 Demolitions............................................................549
9.1.4.9 Submersible Work Vehicles..................................549
9.2 Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)..................................................550
9.2.1 Types of ROVs........................................................................ 551
9.2.2 ROV System...........................................................................554
9.2.2.1 ROV Vehicle...........................................................554
9.2.2.2 Tether Management System (TMS).....................555
9.2.2.3 Launch and Recovery System (LARS)................556
9.2.2.4 System and Frame Construction......................... 557
9.2.3 Functions of ROV.................................................................. 557
Bibliography..................................................................................................560
10. Health, Safety and Environment.............................................................. 561
10.1 Occupational Health Hazards and Risks and Their Control
and Mitigation.................................................................................... 562
10.1.1 Health Risk............................................................................563
10.1.2 Controlling Risks..................................................................568
10.1.2.1 Elimination or Substitution.................................568
10.1.2.2 Engineered Controls.............................................568
Contents xiii
10.1.2.3 Procedural Controls..............................................568
10.1.2.4 Personal Protective Equipment........................... 569
10.1.3 Mitigation............................................................................... 569
10.2 Safety Offshore................................................................................... 570
10.2.1 Safety in Offshore Drilling.................................................. 571
10.2.2 Safety in Offshore Production............................................ 574
10.2.3 Common Safety in Drilling and Production.................... 576
10.3 Environmental Pollution and Control............................................ 581
10.4 Handling, Treatment and Disposal of Wastes...............................583
10.4.1 Handling................................................................................585
10.4.2 Minimisation of Toxicity and Amount..............................586
10.4.2.1 Chemical Inventory...............................................586
10.4.2.2 Changing Operations...........................................586
10.4.2.3 Modifying Equipment..........................................586
10.4.2.4 Changing the Process........................................... 587
10.4.3 Reuse or Recycle................................................................... 587
10.4.4 Treatment...............................................................................588
10.4.4.1 Washing..................................................................588
10.4.4.2 Adsorption.............................................................588
10.4.4.3 Heating................................................................... 589
10.4.4.4 Distillation/Pyrolysis........................................... 589
10.4.4.5 Incineration............................................................ 589
10.4.4.6 Solvent Extraction................................................. 589
10.4.4.7 Biological Processes.............................................. 589
10.4.5 Disposal..................................................................................590
10.4.5.1 Disposal of Liquids............................................... 590
10.4.5.2 Disposal of Solids..................................................590
10.5 Oil Spill – Containment and Recovery........................................... 591
10.5.1 Spreading............................................................................... 591
10.5.2 Movement and Drift............................................................. 592
10.5.3 Weathering............................................................................. 592
10.5.4 Containment and Recovery................................................. 594
10.5.4.1 Booms...................................................................... 594
10.6 Abandonment of Offshore Structures and Facilities.................... 599
10.6.1 Well Abandonment...............................................................600
10.6.2 Preabandonment Surveys/Data Gathering......................600
10.6.3 Engineering........................................................................... 601
10.6.4 Decommissioning................................................................. 601
10.6.5 Structure Removal................................................................602
10.6.6 Disposal..................................................................................606
10.6.7 Site Clearance........................................................................606
Bibliography..................................................................................................607
Index......................................................................................................................609

Screenshots

Offshore Petroleum Drilling - Laik Sukumar - 2018.pdf

Скачать [14 KB]

Спасибо

Похожие релизы

Udemy - Offshore Oil and Gas Facility Construction [2022, MP4]
Subsea Pipeline Engineering - Andrew C . Palmer, Roger A. King [2006, PDF]
Offshore Engineering: An Introduction - 2nd Edition - Angus Mather [2000, PDF]
Encyclopedia of Maritime and Offshore Engineering - Carlton J., Jukes P., Choo Y.-S. [2017, PDF]
Oil Spill Occurrence, Simulation, and Behavior - M.R Riazi [2021, PDF]
Gas Production Operations - H. Dale Beggs [1991, PDF]
Mooring System Engineering for Offshore Structures - Kai-Tung Ma [2019, PDF]
Combustion and Incineration Processes: Applications in Environmental Engineering - Niessen W.R.…
Offshore mechanics : structural and fluid dynamics for recent applications - Madjid Karimirad…
Comprehensive Stability for OIM, Barge Supervisor & Ballast Control Operator - Maersk Training…
  • Ответить

Текущее время: Сегодня 00:59

Часовой пояс: GMT + 3