Electric Machines: Electric Power Engineering Series
Year: 2006 Language: english Author: Charles a. Gross Genre: Handbook Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 978-0849385810 Format: PDF Quality: eBook Pages count: 466 Description: The two major broad applications of electrical energy are information processing and energy processing. Hence, it is no wonder that electric machines have occupied a large and revered space in the field of electrical engineering. Such an important topic requires a careful approach, and Charles A. Gross' Electric Machines offers the most balanced, application-oriented, and modern perspective on electromagnetic machines available. Written in a style that is both accessible and authoritative, this book explores all aspects of electromagnetic-mechanical (EM) machines. Rather than viewing the EM machine in isolation, the author treats the machine as part of an integrated system of source, controller, motor, and load. The discussion progresses systematically through basic machine physics and principles of operation to real-world applications and relevant control issues for each type of machine presented. Coverage ranges from DC, induction, and synchronous machines to specialized machines such as transformers, translational machines, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Stimulating example applications include electric vehicles, wind energy, and vertical transportation. Numerous example problems illustrate and reinforce the concepts discussed. Along with appendices filled with unit conversions and background material, Electric Machines is a succinct, in-depth, and complete guide to understanding electric machines for novel applications.
Contents
Chapter 1 Basic Electromagnetic Concepts 1.1 Basic Magnetic Concepts ......................................................................................................2 1.2 Magnetically Linear Systems: Magnetic Circuits..............................................................4 1.3 Voltage, Current, and Magnetic Field Interactions ..........................................................8 1.4 Magnetic Properties of Materials ......................................................................................10 1.5 Nonlinear Magnetic Circuit Analysis ..............................................................................14 1.6 Permanent Magnets ............................................................................................................19 1.7 Superconducting Magnets..................................................................................................20 1.8 The Fundamental Translational EM Machine ................................................................22 1.8.1 The Biot–Savart Law ..............................................................................................28 1.9 The Fundamental Rotational EM Machine......................................................................28 1.10 Multiwinding EM Systems ................................................................................................30 1.11 Leakage Flux ........................................................................................................................36 1.12 The Concept of Ratings in EM Systems ..........................................................................38 1.13 Summary ..............................................................................................................................38 Problems ........................................................................................................................................39 Chapter 2 Transformers 2.1 The Ideal n-Winding Transformer ....................................................................................43 2.2 Transformer Ratings and Per-Unit Scaling ......................................................................46 2.3 The Nonideal Three-Winding Transformer ....................................................................48 2.4 The Nonideal Two-Winding Transformer........................................................................51 2.5 Transformer Efficiency and Voltage Regulation ............................................................51 2.6 Practical Considerations ....................................................................................................54 2.7 The Autotransformer ..........................................................................................................56 2.8 Operation of Transformers in Three-Phase Environments ..........................................57 2.8.1 The Wye–Wye Scheme ..........................................................................................59 2.8.2 The Wye–Delta Scheme..........................................................................................60 2.8.3 The Delta–Wye Scheme..........................................................................................61 2.8.4 The Delta–Delta Scheme ........................................................................................61 2.8.5 The Open Delta Scheme ........................................................................................62 2.8.6 The Zig-Zag Scheme ..............................................................................................62 2.9 Sequence Circuit Models for Three-Phase Transformer Analysis................................66 2.10 Harmonics in Transformers................................................................................................71 2.11 Summary ..............................................................................................................................74 Problems ........................................................................................................................................75 Chapter 3 Basic Mechanical Considerations 3.1 Some General Perspectives ................................................................................................79 3.2 Efficiency ..............................................................................................................................83 3.3 Load Torque–Speed Characteristics..................................................................................84 3.3.1 Constant Torque Loads (n 0; TL A0) ............................................................843.3.2 Linear (First-Order) Torque Loads (n 1; TL A1vL)......................................85 3.3.3 Parabolic (Second-Order) Torque Loads (n 2; TL A2v2L)............................85 3.3.4 The General nth-Order Case (TL A0 A1vL A2vL2 . . . AnvnL)............86 3.3.5 The Constant Power Load ....................................................................................88 3.4 Mass Polar Moment of Inertia ..........................................................................................88 3.5 Gearing ..................................................................................................................................90 3.6 Operating Modes ................................................................................................................93 3.7 Translational Systems..........................................................................................................94 3.8 A Comprehensive Example: The Elevator ......................................................................95 3.9 Prime Movers ....................................................................................................................101 3.9.1 Hydraulic Turbines ..............................................................................................101 3.9.2 Steam Turbines ......................................................................................................102 3.9.3 Gas Turbines ..........................................................................................................102 3.9.4 Wind Turbines ......................................................................................................103 3.9.5 M–G Sets ................................................................................................................106 3.9.6 Standalone Emergency Power Supplies ..........................................................106 3.9.7 Vehicular Electrical Systems................................................................................106 3.10 Summary ............................................................................................................................107 Problems ......................................................................................................................................108 Chapter 4 The Polyphase Induction Machine: Balanced Operation 4.1 Machine Construction ......................................................................................................113 4.1.1 Stator Design ........................................................................................................113 4.1.2 Rotor Design ..........................................................................................................115 4.2 Stator Winding Layout ....................................................................................................116 4.3 The Rotating Magnetic Field ..........................................................................................120 4.4 Stator–Rotor Interactions ................................................................................................124 4.5 Performance Analysis Using the Equivalent Circuit....................................................128 4.6 Equivalent Circuit Constants from Tests........................................................................133 4.6.1 The DC Test ..........................................................................................................134 4.6.2 The Blocked Rotor (BR) Test ..............................................................................135 4.6.3 The No-Load (NL) Test ........................................................................................135 4.7 Operating Modes: Motor, Generator, and Braking ......................................................137 4.8 Dynamic Performance ......................................................................................................141 4.9 Cage Rotor Machines ........................................................................................................146 4.10 Thermal Considerations ..................................................................................................151 4.11 Summary ............................................................................................................................156 Problems ......................................................................................................................................156 Chapter 5 Control of AC Motors 5.1 Control of the Load Torque–Speed Characteristic........................................................161 5.2 Control of the Motor Torque–Speed Characteristic......................................................162 5.3 Controlling Voltage and Frequency ................................................................................164 5.4 Power Semiconductor Switching Components ............................................................166 5.4.1 The Power Semiconductor Diode ......................................................................167 5.4.2 The Power Semiconductor Thyristor ................................................................167 5.4.3 The Insulated Gated Bipolar Junction Transistor ............................................169 5.4.4 Semiconductor Component Ratings ..................................................................170 5.5 The Single-Phase Inverter ................................................................................................1705.6 The Three-Phase Inverter ................................................................................................174 5.7 AC to DC Conversion: Rectifiers ....................................................................................179 5.8 Three-Phase Rectifiers ......................................................................................................182 5.9 Controlled Rectifiers..........................................................................................................184 5.9.1 Controlled Thyristor Rectifiers ..........................................................................184 5.9.2 Controlled IGBT Rectifiers ..................................................................................185 5.10 AC Motor Drives ..............................................................................................................187 5.11 AC Motor Drives: Dynamic Performance......................................................................190 5.12 Motor Reverse Performance ............................................................................................192 5.13 The Cycloconverter ..........................................................................................................193 5.14 Summary ............................................................................................................................193 Problems ......................................................................................................................................195 Chapter 6 The Polyphase Induction Machine: Unbalanced Operation 6.1 Unbalanced Operation......................................................................................................199 6.1.1 Positive Sequence Response ..............................................................................201 6.1.2 Negative Sequence Response ............................................................................201 6.1.3 Zero Sequence Response ....................................................................................202 6.2 Single Phasing ....................................................................................................................205 6.3 Running Three-Phase Motors from Single-Phase Sources ........................................208 6.4 Operation on Nonsinusoidal Voltage ............................................................................211 6.5 The Two-Phase Induction Motor ....................................................................................214 6.6 The Single-Phase Induction Motor ................................................................................215 6.7 The Single-Phase Induction Motor Operating on One Winding................................224 6.8 Equivalent Circuit Constants from Tests........................................................................227 6.8.1 The DC Test ..........................................................................................................228 6.8.2 The Blocked Rotor (BR) Tests ............................................................................228 6.8.3 The No-Load Test ................................................................................................229 6.9 Dynamic Performance ......................................................................................................229 6.10 Summary ............................................................................................................................232 Problems ......................................................................................................................................232 Chapter 7 The Polyphase Synchronous Machine: Balanced Operation 7.1 Machine Construction ......................................................................................................235 7.1.1 Stator Design..........................................................................................................236 7.1.2 Rotor Design ..........................................................................................................236 7.2 Evolution of the Machine Model from the Induction Machine..................................237 7.3 Interaction of the Rotor and Stator Circuits: The Magnetization Characteristic ....239 7.4 The Nonsalient Pole Synchronous Machine: Generator Operation ..........................241 7.5 The Nonsalient Pole Synchronous Machine: Motor Operation..................................246 7.6 The Salient Pole Synchronous Machine ........................................................................251 7.7 Synchronous Machine Constants from Tests ................................................................260 7.7.1 The DC Test: R a ....................................................................................................260 7.7.2 The Open-Circuit Test: The Magnetization Characteristic and Field Resistance ..............................................................................................................260 7.7.3 The Short-Circuit Test: Xd ..................................................................................262 7.7.4 The Slip Test: Xq ..................................................................................................262 7.7.5 The No-Load Test: Rotational Losses ..............................................................263 7.7.6 The Zero-Power Factor Lagging Test: Xl ..........................................................263 7.7.7 Vee Curves ............................................................................................................2687.8 The Synchronous Generator Operating in a Utility Environment ............................269 7.8.1 Prime Movers ........................................................................................................269 7.8.2 Excitation Systems ................................................................................................270 7.8.3 Capability Curves ................................................................................................272 7.8.3.1 Stator Thermal Limits ..........................................................................273 7.8.3.2 Rotor Thermal Limits ..........................................................................273 7.8.3.3 End-Region Heating ............................................................................273 7.8.3.4 Steady-State Stability Limits ..............................................................274 7.8.3.5 Boiler Thermal Limits ..........................................................................274 7.8.4 Pumped Storage....................................................................................................276 7.9 Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Machines ..............................................................277 7.10 The Polyphase Synchronous-Reluctance Machine ......................................................279 7.11 The Brushless DC Motor ..................................................................................................280 7.12 Summary ............................................................................................................................282 Problems ......................................................................................................................................282 Chapter 8 The Polyphase Synchronous Machine: The General Coupled Circuit Model 8.1 The General Coupled Circuit Model of the Synchronous Machine ..........................287 8.2 The 0dq Transformation ....................................................................................................292 8.3 Powers and Torques in the 0dqFDQ Model ..................................................................298 8.4 The 0dqFDQ Model Using Generator Sign Conventions ............................................299 8.5 Balanced Three-Phase Constant Speed Generator Performance................................301 8.6 Per-Unit Scaling as Applied to Synchronous Machines ..............................................305 8.7 The Tee Equivalent Circuits ............................................................................................309 8.8 0dqFDQU Constants Derived from Manufacturer’s Data ..........................................312 8.9 0dqFDQU Model Performance ........................................................................................320 8.10 Summary ............................................................................................................................322 Problems ......................................................................................................................................323 Chapter 9 The DC Machine 9.1 Machine Construction ......................................................................................................327 9.1.1 Stator Design..........................................................................................................327 9.1.2 Rotor (Armature) Design ....................................................................................329 9.1.2.1 The Lap Winding ..................................................................................331 9.1.2.2 The Wave Winding ..............................................................................331 9.2 Generation of DC Voltage ................................................................................................331 9.3 The DC Machine Model: Generator Operation ............................................................338 9.4 The DC Machine Model: Motor Operation ..................................................................341 9.5 Speed Control of DC Motors ..........................................................................................343 9.5.1 Field Control..........................................................................................................343 9.5.2 Armature Control..................................................................................................345 9.5.3 Four Quadrant Operation....................................................................................346 9.5.4 Reversing DC Motors ..........................................................................................346 9.6 DC Machine Constants from Tests..................................................................................347 9.6.1 The DC Test: R a......................................................................................................347 9.6.2 The Transient Test: L a............................................................................................347 9.6.3 The Open-Circuit Test: The Magnetization Characteristic and Field Resistance ............................................................................................347 9.6.4 The No-Load Test: Rotational Losses ................................................................3489.7 DC Motor Drives: Half-Wave Converters......................................................................348 9.7.1 The Half-Wave Diode DC Motor Drive ............................................................349 9.7.2 The Half-Wave Thyristor DC Motor Drive ......................................................350 9.7.3 The Half-Wave IGBT DC Motor Drive ..............................................................352 9.8 DC Motor Drives: Full-Wave Converters ......................................................................353 9.8.1 The Full-Wave Diode DC Motor Drive ............................................................353 9.8.2 The Full-Wave Thyristor DC Motor Drive........................................................355 9.8.3 The Six-Step Three-Phase Thyristor DC Motor Drive ....................................356 9.9 Four-Quadrant Performance............................................................................................358 9.10 DC Motor Dynamic Performance ..................................................................................358 9.11 An Elevator Application ..................................................................................................362 9.12 A More General DC Machine Model..............................................................................364 9.13 Summary ............................................................................................................................366 Problems ......................................................................................................................................366 Chapter 10 Translational Electromechanical Machines 10.1 Linear Induction Machine Construction........................................................................373 10.1.1 Primary Design ....................................................................................................373 10.1.2 Secondary Design ................................................................................................374 10.1.3 Electromagnetic Levitation..................................................................................375 10.1.4 Electrodynamic Levitation ..................................................................................379 10.2 Linear Induction Machine Modeling: The Equivalent Circuit ..................................380 10.3 The High Speed Rail (HSR) Application........................................................................382 10.4 Linear Synchronous Machine Construction ..................................................................385 10.4.1 Linear Synchronous Machine Armature Design..............................................386 10.4.2 Linear Synchronous Machine Field Design......................................................386 10.5 Linear Synchronous Machine Nonsalient Pole Model ................................................386 10.6 Linear Electromechanical Machine Applications in Elevators ..................................389 10.7 Summary ............................................................................................................................393 Problems ......................................................................................................................................394 Chapter 11 Special Purpose Machines and Sensors 11.1 The Universal Motor ........................................................................................................397 11.2 The Shaded Pole Motor ....................................................................................................398 11.3 The Hysteresis Motor........................................................................................................398 11.4 The Stepper Motor ............................................................................................................399 11.5 Encoders..............................................................................................................................401 11.6 Resolvers ............................................................................................................................404 11.7 Microelectromechanical Systems ....................................................................................407 11.8 Summary ............................................................................................................................410 Problems ......................................................................................................................................411 Epilogue ......................................................................................................................................413 Appendix A: Units and Conversion Factors ........................................................................415 Appendix B: A Review of Electrical Circuit Concepts B.1 DC Circuit Concepts..........................................................................................................420 B.2 AC Circuit Concepts..........................................................................................................421 B.3 Balanced Three-Phase AC Circuit Concepts..................................................................424 B.4 Symmetrical Components ................................................................................................427Appendix C: Harmonic Concepts C.1 Basic Concepts....................................................................................................................431 C.2 Coefficient Calculations ....................................................................................................432 C.3 Rms (Effective) Values ......................................................................................................433 C.4 Symmetries ........................................................................................................................434 C.5 Spectral Plots ......................................................................................................................434 C.6 Response of Linear Circuits to Nonsinusoidal Excitation ..........................................437 References in Electric Machines, Transformers, and Power Electronics ........................439 Index ............................................................................................................................................445
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Electric Machines: Electric Power Engineering Series
Language: english
Author: Charles a. Gross
Genre: Handbook
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 978-0849385810
Format: PDF
Quality: eBook
Pages count: 466
Description: The two major broad applications of electrical energy are information processing and energy processing. Hence, it is no wonder that electric machines have occupied a large and revered space in the field of electrical engineering. Such an important topic requires a careful approach, and Charles A. Gross' Electric Machines offers the most balanced, application-oriented, and modern perspective on electromagnetic machines available.
Written in a style that is both accessible and authoritative, this book explores all aspects of electromagnetic-mechanical (EM) machines. Rather than viewing the EM machine in isolation, the author treats the machine as part of an integrated system of source, controller, motor, and load. The discussion progresses systematically through basic machine physics and principles of operation to real-world applications and relevant control issues for each type of machine presented. Coverage ranges from DC, induction, and synchronous machines to specialized machines such as transformers, translational machines, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Stimulating example applications include electric vehicles, wind energy, and vertical transportation. Numerous example problems illustrate and reinforce the concepts discussed.
Along with appendices filled with unit conversions and background material, Electric Machines is a succinct, in-depth, and complete guide to understanding electric machines for novel applications.
Contents
Chapter 1 Basic Electromagnetic Concepts1.1 Basic Magnetic Concepts ......................................................................................................2
1.2 Magnetically Linear Systems: Magnetic Circuits..............................................................4
1.3 Voltage, Current, and Magnetic Field Interactions ..........................................................8
1.4 Magnetic Properties of Materials ......................................................................................10
1.5 Nonlinear Magnetic Circuit Analysis ..............................................................................14
1.6 Permanent Magnets ............................................................................................................19
1.7 Superconducting Magnets..................................................................................................20
1.8 The Fundamental Translational EM Machine ................................................................22
1.8.1 The Biot–Savart Law ..............................................................................................28
1.9 The Fundamental Rotational EM Machine......................................................................28
1.10 Multiwinding EM Systems ................................................................................................30
1.11 Leakage Flux ........................................................................................................................36
1.12 The Concept of Ratings in EM Systems ..........................................................................38
1.13 Summary ..............................................................................................................................38
Problems ........................................................................................................................................39
Chapter 2 Transformers
2.1 The Ideal n-Winding Transformer ....................................................................................43
2.2 Transformer Ratings and Per-Unit Scaling ......................................................................46
2.3 The Nonideal Three-Winding Transformer ....................................................................48
2.4 The Nonideal Two-Winding Transformer........................................................................51
2.5 Transformer Efficiency and Voltage Regulation ............................................................51
2.6 Practical Considerations ....................................................................................................54
2.7 The Autotransformer ..........................................................................................................56
2.8 Operation of Transformers in Three-Phase Environments ..........................................57
2.8.1 The Wye–Wye Scheme ..........................................................................................59
2.8.2 The Wye–Delta Scheme..........................................................................................60
2.8.3 The Delta–Wye Scheme..........................................................................................61
2.8.4 The Delta–Delta Scheme ........................................................................................61
2.8.5 The Open Delta Scheme ........................................................................................62
2.8.6 The Zig-Zag Scheme ..............................................................................................62
2.9 Sequence Circuit Models for Three-Phase Transformer Analysis................................66
2.10 Harmonics in Transformers................................................................................................71
2.11 Summary ..............................................................................................................................74
Problems ........................................................................................................................................75
Chapter 3 Basic Mechanical Considerations
3.1 Some General Perspectives ................................................................................................79
3.2 Efficiency ..............................................................................................................................83
3.3 Load Torque–Speed Characteristics..................................................................................84
3.3.1 Constant Torque Loads (n 0; TL A0) ............................................................843.3.2 Linear (First-Order) Torque Loads (n 1; TL A1vL)......................................85
3.3.3 Parabolic (Second-Order) Torque Loads (n 2; TL A2v2L)............................85
3.3.4 The General nth-Order Case (TL A0 A1vL A2vL2 . . . AnvnL)............86
3.3.5 The Constant Power Load ....................................................................................88
3.4 Mass Polar Moment of Inertia ..........................................................................................88
3.5 Gearing ..................................................................................................................................90
3.6 Operating Modes ................................................................................................................93
3.7 Translational Systems..........................................................................................................94
3.8 A Comprehensive Example: The Elevator ......................................................................95
3.9 Prime Movers ....................................................................................................................101
3.9.1 Hydraulic Turbines ..............................................................................................101
3.9.2 Steam Turbines ......................................................................................................102
3.9.3 Gas Turbines ..........................................................................................................102
3.9.4 Wind Turbines ......................................................................................................103
3.9.5 M–G Sets ................................................................................................................106
3.9.6 Standalone Emergency Power Supplies ..........................................................106
3.9.7 Vehicular Electrical Systems................................................................................106
3.10 Summary ............................................................................................................................107
Problems ......................................................................................................................................108
Chapter 4 The Polyphase Induction Machine: Balanced Operation
4.1 Machine Construction ......................................................................................................113
4.1.1 Stator Design ........................................................................................................113
4.1.2 Rotor Design ..........................................................................................................115
4.2 Stator Winding Layout ....................................................................................................116
4.3 The Rotating Magnetic Field ..........................................................................................120
4.4 Stator–Rotor Interactions ................................................................................................124
4.5 Performance Analysis Using the Equivalent Circuit....................................................128
4.6 Equivalent Circuit Constants from Tests........................................................................133
4.6.1 The DC Test ..........................................................................................................134
4.6.2 The Blocked Rotor (BR) Test ..............................................................................135
4.6.3 The No-Load (NL) Test ........................................................................................135
4.7 Operating Modes: Motor, Generator, and Braking ......................................................137
4.8 Dynamic Performance ......................................................................................................141
4.9 Cage Rotor Machines ........................................................................................................146
4.10 Thermal Considerations ..................................................................................................151
4.11 Summary ............................................................................................................................156
Problems ......................................................................................................................................156
Chapter 5 Control of AC Motors
5.1 Control of the Load Torque–Speed Characteristic........................................................161
5.2 Control of the Motor Torque–Speed Characteristic......................................................162
5.3 Controlling Voltage and Frequency ................................................................................164
5.4 Power Semiconductor Switching Components ............................................................166
5.4.1 The Power Semiconductor Diode ......................................................................167
5.4.2 The Power Semiconductor Thyristor ................................................................167
5.4.3 The Insulated Gated Bipolar Junction Transistor ............................................169
5.4.4 Semiconductor Component Ratings ..................................................................170
5.5 The Single-Phase Inverter ................................................................................................1705.6 The Three-Phase Inverter ................................................................................................174
5.7 AC to DC Conversion: Rectifiers ....................................................................................179
5.8 Three-Phase Rectifiers ......................................................................................................182
5.9 Controlled Rectifiers..........................................................................................................184
5.9.1 Controlled Thyristor Rectifiers ..........................................................................184
5.9.2 Controlled IGBT Rectifiers ..................................................................................185
5.10 AC Motor Drives ..............................................................................................................187
5.11 AC Motor Drives: Dynamic Performance......................................................................190
5.12 Motor Reverse Performance ............................................................................................192
5.13 The Cycloconverter ..........................................................................................................193
5.14 Summary ............................................................................................................................193
Problems ......................................................................................................................................195
Chapter 6 The Polyphase Induction Machine: Unbalanced Operation
6.1 Unbalanced Operation......................................................................................................199
6.1.1 Positive Sequence Response ..............................................................................201
6.1.2 Negative Sequence Response ............................................................................201
6.1.3 Zero Sequence Response ....................................................................................202
6.2 Single Phasing ....................................................................................................................205
6.3 Running Three-Phase Motors from Single-Phase Sources ........................................208
6.4 Operation on Nonsinusoidal Voltage ............................................................................211
6.5 The Two-Phase Induction Motor ....................................................................................214
6.6 The Single-Phase Induction Motor ................................................................................215
6.7 The Single-Phase Induction Motor Operating on One Winding................................224
6.8 Equivalent Circuit Constants from Tests........................................................................227
6.8.1 The DC Test ..........................................................................................................228
6.8.2 The Blocked Rotor (BR) Tests ............................................................................228
6.8.3 The No-Load Test ................................................................................................229
6.9 Dynamic Performance ......................................................................................................229
6.10 Summary ............................................................................................................................232
Problems ......................................................................................................................................232
Chapter 7 The Polyphase Synchronous Machine: Balanced Operation
7.1 Machine Construction ......................................................................................................235
7.1.1 Stator Design..........................................................................................................236
7.1.2 Rotor Design ..........................................................................................................236
7.2 Evolution of the Machine Model from the Induction Machine..................................237
7.3 Interaction of the Rotor and Stator Circuits: The Magnetization Characteristic ....239
7.4 The Nonsalient Pole Synchronous Machine: Generator Operation ..........................241
7.5 The Nonsalient Pole Synchronous Machine: Motor Operation..................................246
7.6 The Salient Pole Synchronous Machine ........................................................................251
7.7 Synchronous Machine Constants from Tests ................................................................260
7.7.1 The DC Test: R
a ....................................................................................................260
7.7.2 The Open-Circuit Test: The Magnetization Characteristic and Field
Resistance ..............................................................................................................260
7.7.3 The Short-Circuit Test: Xd ..................................................................................262
7.7.4 The Slip Test: Xq ..................................................................................................262
7.7.5 The No-Load Test: Rotational Losses ..............................................................263
7.7.6 The Zero-Power Factor Lagging Test: Xl ..........................................................263
7.7.7 Vee Curves ............................................................................................................2687.8 The Synchronous Generator Operating in a Utility Environment ............................269
7.8.1 Prime Movers ........................................................................................................269
7.8.2 Excitation Systems ................................................................................................270
7.8.3 Capability Curves ................................................................................................272
7.8.3.1 Stator Thermal Limits ..........................................................................273
7.8.3.2 Rotor Thermal Limits ..........................................................................273
7.8.3.3 End-Region Heating ............................................................................273
7.8.3.4 Steady-State Stability Limits ..............................................................274
7.8.3.5 Boiler Thermal Limits ..........................................................................274
7.8.4 Pumped Storage....................................................................................................276
7.9 Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Machines ..............................................................277
7.10 The Polyphase Synchronous-Reluctance Machine ......................................................279
7.11 The Brushless DC Motor ..................................................................................................280
7.12 Summary ............................................................................................................................282
Problems ......................................................................................................................................282
Chapter 8 The Polyphase Synchronous Machine: The General Coupled
Circuit Model
8.1 The General Coupled Circuit Model of the Synchronous Machine ..........................287
8.2 The 0dq Transformation ....................................................................................................292
8.3 Powers and Torques in the 0dqFDQ Model ..................................................................298
8.4 The 0dqFDQ Model Using Generator Sign Conventions ............................................299
8.5 Balanced Three-Phase Constant Speed Generator Performance................................301
8.6 Per-Unit Scaling as Applied to Synchronous Machines ..............................................305
8.7 The Tee Equivalent Circuits ............................................................................................309
8.8 0dqFDQU Constants Derived from Manufacturer’s Data ..........................................312
8.9 0dqFDQU Model Performance ........................................................................................320
8.10 Summary ............................................................................................................................322
Problems ......................................................................................................................................323
Chapter 9 The DC Machine
9.1 Machine Construction ......................................................................................................327
9.1.1 Stator Design..........................................................................................................327
9.1.2 Rotor (Armature) Design ....................................................................................329
9.1.2.1 The Lap Winding ..................................................................................331
9.1.2.2 The Wave Winding ..............................................................................331
9.2 Generation of DC Voltage ................................................................................................331
9.3 The DC Machine Model: Generator Operation ............................................................338
9.4 The DC Machine Model: Motor Operation ..................................................................341
9.5 Speed Control of DC Motors ..........................................................................................343
9.5.1 Field Control..........................................................................................................343
9.5.2 Armature Control..................................................................................................345
9.5.3 Four Quadrant Operation....................................................................................346
9.5.4 Reversing DC Motors ..........................................................................................346
9.6 DC Machine Constants from Tests..................................................................................347
9.6.1 The DC Test: R
a......................................................................................................347
9.6.2 The Transient Test: L
a............................................................................................347
9.6.3 The Open-Circuit Test: The Magnetization Characteristic
and Field Resistance ............................................................................................347
9.6.4 The No-Load Test: Rotational Losses ................................................................3489.7 DC Motor Drives: Half-Wave Converters......................................................................348
9.7.1 The Half-Wave Diode DC Motor Drive ............................................................349
9.7.2 The Half-Wave Thyristor DC Motor Drive ......................................................350
9.7.3 The Half-Wave IGBT DC Motor Drive ..............................................................352
9.8 DC Motor Drives: Full-Wave Converters ......................................................................353
9.8.1 The Full-Wave Diode DC Motor Drive ............................................................353
9.8.2 The Full-Wave Thyristor DC Motor Drive........................................................355
9.8.3 The Six-Step Three-Phase Thyristor DC Motor Drive ....................................356
9.9 Four-Quadrant Performance............................................................................................358
9.10 DC Motor Dynamic Performance ..................................................................................358
9.11 An Elevator Application ..................................................................................................362
9.12 A More General DC Machine Model..............................................................................364
9.13 Summary ............................................................................................................................366
Problems ......................................................................................................................................366
Chapter 10 Translational Electromechanical Machines
10.1 Linear Induction Machine Construction........................................................................373
10.1.1 Primary Design ....................................................................................................373
10.1.2 Secondary Design ................................................................................................374
10.1.3 Electromagnetic Levitation..................................................................................375
10.1.4 Electrodynamic Levitation ..................................................................................379
10.2 Linear Induction Machine Modeling: The Equivalent Circuit ..................................380
10.3 The High Speed Rail (HSR) Application........................................................................382
10.4 Linear Synchronous Machine Construction ..................................................................385
10.4.1 Linear Synchronous Machine Armature Design..............................................386
10.4.2 Linear Synchronous Machine Field Design......................................................386
10.5 Linear Synchronous Machine Nonsalient Pole Model ................................................386
10.6 Linear Electromechanical Machine Applications in Elevators ..................................389
10.7 Summary ............................................................................................................................393
Problems ......................................................................................................................................394
Chapter 11 Special Purpose Machines and Sensors
11.1 The Universal Motor ........................................................................................................397
11.2 The Shaded Pole Motor ....................................................................................................398
11.3 The Hysteresis Motor........................................................................................................398
11.4 The Stepper Motor ............................................................................................................399
11.5 Encoders..............................................................................................................................401
11.6 Resolvers ............................................................................................................................404
11.7 Microelectromechanical Systems ....................................................................................407
11.8 Summary ............................................................................................................................410
Problems ......................................................................................................................................411
Epilogue ......................................................................................................................................413
Appendix A: Units and Conversion Factors ........................................................................415
Appendix B: A Review of Electrical Circuit Concepts
B.1 DC Circuit Concepts..........................................................................................................420
B.2 AC Circuit Concepts..........................................................................................................421
B.3 Balanced Three-Phase AC Circuit Concepts..................................................................424
B.4 Symmetrical Components ................................................................................................427Appendix C: Harmonic Concepts
C.1 Basic Concepts....................................................................................................................431
C.2 Coefficient Calculations ....................................................................................................432
C.3 Rms (Effective) Values ......................................................................................................433
C.4 Symmetries ........................................................................................................................434
C.5 Spectral Plots ......................................................................................................................434
C.6 Response of Linear Circuits to Nonsinusoidal Excitation ..........................................437
References in Electric Machines, Transformers, and Power Electronics ........................439
Index ............................................................................................................................................445
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