The History of Celestial Navigation - Rise of the Royal Observatory and Nautical Almanacs
Year: 2020 Language: english Author: Seidelmann, P. Kenneth, Hohenkerk, Catherine Young (Eds.) Genre: History Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9783030436308 Format: PDF Quality: eBook Pages count: 342 Description: This edited volume charts the history of celestial navigation over the course of five centuries. Written by a group of historians and scientists, it analyzes how competing navigation systems, technologies, and institutions emerged and developed, with a focus on the major players in the US and the UK. The history covers the founding of the Royal Observatory; the first printing of a Nautical Almanac; the founding of the US and UK Nautical Almanac Offices; the creation of international standards for reference systems and astronomical constants; and the impact of 20th century technology on the field, among other topics. Additionally, the volume analyzes the present role and status of celestial navigation, particularly with respect to modern radio and satellite navigation systems. With its diverse authorship and nontechnical language, this book will appeal to any reader interested in the history of science, technology, astronomy, and navigation over the ages. Dr. P. Kenneth Seidelmann received an Electrical Engineering degree from the University of Cincinnati in 1960, followed by a Master of Science degree in 1962 and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Dynamical Astronomy in 1968. After military service as a Research and Development Coordinator at the US Army Missile Command from 1963 to 1965, he joined the Nautical Almanac Office of the US Naval Observatory. In February 1976, he was named Director of the Nautical Almanac Office. In September 1990, the Nautical Almanac Office was reorganized into two departments and he became director of the Orbital Mechanics Department. In June 1994, the US Naval Observatory was reorganized and Dr. Seidelmann became Director of the Directorate of Astrometry, which included three departments dealing with astrometry and astronomical data. In 2000 he retired from the US Naval Observatory and became a research professor in the Astronomy Department of the University of Virginia. Dr. Seidelmann has taught courses in Celestial Mechanics at Catholic University of America and the University of Maryland. He is coauthor of three books, “Fundamentals of Astrometry”, “TIME, From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics” (1st and 2nd Editions), and “Celestial Mechanics and Astrodynamics: Theory and Practice”. Additionally, he is coeditor of the “Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac”. Dr. Seidelmann is a member of the International Astronomical Union, American Astronomical Society, American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics, Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi, Eta Kappa Nu, and Omicron Delta Kappa, and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Institute of Navigation, and the Royal Astronomical Society. Catherine Hohenkerk started her working life straight from school in 1971, at Royal Greenwich Observatory (RGO). She spent the first four years in the Solar Department while studying (day-release) for a Higher National Certificate in mathematics, statistics and computing. Next, a useful period in the Computer Department while pursuing a day release mathematics degree. In the late 1970s she transferred to HM Nautical Almanac Office, where she remained until she retired at the end of January 2017. Her work has involved all aspects of the generation, production and printing of the data and tables in all the almanacs and associated publications of HMNAO. In 2005 she received the US Naval Observatory’s Superintendents award for her “distinguished service and extraordinary dedication to the joint publications”. Hohenkerk is fellow of the Royal Institute of Navigation and the Royal Astronomical Society and a member of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), in particular, Division A Fundamental Astronomy. She has been President of IAU Commissions 4 Ephemerides (2012-2015) and A3 (2015-2018), Fundamental Standards. Currently she is Chair of the IAU Working Group Standard of Fundamental Astronomy (SOFA), which provides software that supports IAU Resolutions. Additional info: Don't forget to upvote and click thanks
Contents
Foreword......Page 5 Preface......Page 7 Contents......Page 10 Biographies of Authors......Page 11 1.1 Introduction......Page 16 1.3 Starting in BC......Page 17 1.4 AD to Copernicus......Page 20 1.5 Early Almanacs Before Kepler......Page 25 1.6 Kepler and Printing Presses......Page 28 1.7 Angle Measuring Methods......Page 32 1.8 Conclusion......Page 33 References......Page 34 2.1 An Observatory Is Warranted......Page 36 2.1.1 Dates......Page 38 2.1.2 The Visibility From Derby of the Solar Eclipses of 20th/30th March 1661 and 2nd/12th September 1662......Page 39 2.2 Keeping the Powder Damp: An Observatory Is Funded......Page 40 2.3 Man Was Quite Often Lost: A Problem From Antiquity......Page 41 2.4 Great Minds Think Alike in Gresham College......Page 43 2.5 Brittany Intervenes Over the Longitude in Britain......Page 46 2.6 Golden Days: Good King Charles Turns to His Philosophers......Page 49 2.7 Carpe Diem: Jonas Moore Sees His Chance and Finds His Astronomer......Page 52 2.8 The Ascent of the Man: John Flamsteed Rises to the Occasion......Page 55 2.9 “Call to Your Assistance Such Persons, As You Shall Think Fit”......Page 58 2.10 “Our Astronomical Observator”......Page 61 2.11 The Observatory Rises on Greenwich Hill......Page 63 2.11.1 Astrology and Astronomy in the 17th Century......Page 66 2.12 An Observatory Acquires Equipment......Page 67 2.13 The Working Royal Observatory on Greenwich Hill......Page 71 2.14.1 Primary and Secondary Sources for the History of the Founding of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich From the 17th Century to the Present......Page 74 2.14.2 The Correspondence of John Flamsteed, the First Astronomer Royal......Page 75 2.15 Conclusion......Page 76 References to Original Manuscripts......Page 77 References to Publications......Page 80 Chapter 3: Edmond Halley, Isaac Newton and the Longitude Act of 1714......Page 83 3.1 Britain faces turbulence on land and disaster at sea......Page 84 3.1.1 Dates......Page 85 3.2 No bridges over troubled waters at Greenwich......Page 86 3.3 Oxford comes to the aid of Cambridge-in-Greenwich......Page 88 3.4 Sailing......Page 93 3.5 St Helena......Page 96 3.6 Transit of Mercury......Page 99 3.7 A catalogue published and an international reputation established......Page 101 3.8 More troubled waters, between London and Danzig......Page 104 3.9 Travelling to Danzig......Page 107 3.10 An astronomical Grand Tour, on Earth as it was in the Heavens......Page 109 3.11 Marriage and murder, and another comet......Page 112 3.12 All becomes light in Cambridge......Page 114 3.13 But not all is sweetness between London and Cambridge......Page 118 3.14 Sailing again......Page 119 3.15 A sequence of maritime tragedies......Page 120 3.16 To see the Fellows fight......Page 123 3.17 The voyages HM Pink Paramour......Page 124 3.18 Publish or be damned: all the Prince Consort’s men......Page 129 3.19 Catastrophe: Admiral Sir Clowdisley Shovell and the wrecks of HM Ships Association, Eagle, Romney and Firebrand......Page 132 3.20 Aftermath and consequences......Page 136 3.21 Unwelcome Visitors: but not all the President’s men......Page 138 3.22 An Act of Necessity: the 1714 Longitude Bill and its enactment......Page 141 3.23 Epilogue......Page 145 3.24 Conclusion......Page 151 References to Original Manuscripts......Page 152 References to Publications......Page 155 4.1 Introduction......Page 158 4.2 Expeditions to St Helena and Barbados......Page 159 4.3 The Board of Longitude......Page 162 4.4 The Nautical Almanac......Page 163 4.5 Conclusion......Page 167 References......Page 168 Chapter 5: The British and American Nautical Almanacs in the 19th Century......Page 170 5.1.2 John Pond Succeeds at the Royal Observatory......Page 171 5.1.3 John Pond Achieves Much at the Royal Observatory......Page 173 5.1.5 The Vicissitudes of the Nautical Almanac After 1811......Page 178 5.1.6 A Separate Superintendent Is Appointed......Page 180 5.1.8 The Board of Longitude Is Dissolved and the Superintendence Reverts......Page 182 5.1.9 John Pond Succeeds Less at the Royal Observatory......Page 184 5.1.10 A New Superintendent with a New Office and Modus Operandi......Page 185 5.1.11 A New Astronomer Royal at Greenwich......Page 187 5.1.12 The Parting of the Ways and the Forging of a New Tradition......Page 191 5.2.1 The Founding Era, 1849–1865: Cambridge, Massachusetts......Page 194 5.2.2 Transition: Coffin and the Move to Washington D.C, 1866–1877......Page 198 5.2.3 The Newcomb Era, 1877–1897......Page 199 5.3 Conclusion......Page 204 Manuscript, Archival and Library Sources......Page 205 References to Original Manuscripts......Page 206 References to Publications......Page 207 6.1 Introduction......Page 211 6.3 Initial International Cooperation......Page 212 6.4 The International Astronomical Union......Page 213 6.4.1 World War II and the Cold War......Page 214 6.4.3 Collaboration of UK & US Almanac Offices......Page 215 6.5 International Organizations & Scientific Collaboration......Page 216 6.6.1 Time......Page 217 6.6.2 Reference System Changes......Page 218 6.6.3 Ephemerides......Page 219 References......Page 220 7.1 Various Almanacs Called the NA......Page 222 7.1.1 Chronology of Titles in the UK......Page 223 7.1.2 Chronology of Titles in the US......Page 224 7.2.1 Calculations Prior to 1930......Page 225 7.2.2 L.J. Comrie: Computational Astronomy & Table Design......Page 226 7.2.3 W.J. Eckert, Director, US Nautical Almanac Office, 1940–1945......Page 228 7.3 Collaboration Between US & UK Almanac Offices......Page 229 7.3.1 Collaboration on Lunar Positions......Page 231 7.3.2 Almanacs for Air Navigators......Page 232 7.3.3 Almanacs for Marine Navigators......Page 233 7.3.4 Sight Reduction Tables......Page 234 7.3.4.1 Concise Sight Reduction Tables......Page 238 7.3.5 Almanacs for Astronomers......Page 239 7.4 Calculators, Computers & Applications......Page 240 7.4.2 A Floppy Almanac & MICA......Page 241 7.4.3 Compact Data, Sight Reduction Algorithms and the NA......Page 243 7.5.1 Computers at USNO......Page 244 7.5.2 Computers and Typesetting at HMNAO......Page 246 7.5.3.1 HMNAO’s Use of TeX......Page 249 7.6 Conclusions......Page 250 References......Page 251 8.1 Celestial Reference Systems......Page 252 8.1.1 Types of Celestial Reference Systems......Page 253 8.3 International Celestial Reference System and Frame......Page 254 8.4.2 History of Fundamental Catalogs......Page 256 8.4.3 History of Celestial Reference Systems and Frames......Page 257 8.5.1 Terrestrial Coordinate Systems Surfaces......Page 259 8.6 International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame......Page 260 8.7 Intermediate Reference System......Page 262 8.8 Coordinated Universal Time......Page 264 8.8.1 History of Time Scales......Page 265 8.9 Conclusions......Page 269 References......Page 270 Chapter 9: Evolution of The Nautical Almanac & Celestial Navigation Today......Page 274 9.1.2 Book Sales & Eclipse Guides......Page 275 9.1.3 Securing a Future for the Nautical Almanac in the UK......Page 278 9.1.3.1 Specialist Data......Page 281 9.1.4 Celestial Navigation Products......Page 282 9.1.4.2 NavPac......Page 283 9.1.4.3 Development of Apps......Page 284 9.1.4.4 Automated Celestial Navigation......Page 285 9.1.4.5 Future of Ephemeris Production......Page 286 9.1.5 The Astronomical Almanac......Page 287 9.1.6 The Explanatory Supplement......Page 290 9.1.7 HMNAO Technical Notes......Page 291 9.1.8 Support for the International Astronomical Union (IAU)......Page 292 9.1.9 HMNAO at the Start of the 21st Century......Page 294 9.2.1 Introduction and Background......Page 295 9.2.2 Formation of AA......Page 296 9.2.3.1 The Traditional (Printed) Almanacs......Page 297 9.2.3.2 Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Software (NOVAS)......Page 299 9.2.3.3 Multiyear Interactive Computer Almanac (MICA)......Page 300 9.2.3.4 System to Estimate Latitude and Longitude Astronomically (STELLA)......Page 301 9.2.3.5 Websites......Page 303 9.2.4 Other Activities Related to Celestial Navigation......Page 306 9.2.4.1 Training and Education......Page 307 9.2.4.2 Automated Celestial Navigation......Page 308 9.2.5 Pathway to the Future......Page 309 9.3.1 Star Observations as a Component of Modern Navigation Systems......Page 310 9.3.2 Automated Celestial Navigation Technology......Page 313 9.3.3 The History and Future of Automated Celestial Navigation......Page 316 References......Page 319 Index......Page 323
Contents
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HarveySpecter - The History of Celestial Navigation.pdf
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The History of Celestial Navigation - Rise of the Royal Observatory and Nautical Almanacs
Language: english
Author: Seidelmann, P. Kenneth, Hohenkerk, Catherine Young (Eds.)
Genre: History
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783030436308
Format: PDF
Quality: eBook
Pages count: 342
Description: This edited volume charts the history of celestial navigation over the course of five centuries. Written by a group of historians and scientists, it analyzes how competing navigation systems, technologies, and institutions emerged and developed, with a focus on the major players in the US and the UK.
The history covers the founding of the Royal Observatory; the first printing of a Nautical Almanac; the founding of the US and UK Nautical Almanac Offices; the creation of international standards for reference systems and astronomical constants; and the impact of 20th century technology on the field, among other topics. Additionally, the volume analyzes the present role and status of celestial navigation, particularly with respect to modern radio and satellite navigation systems.
With its diverse authorship and nontechnical language, this book will appeal to any reader interested in the history of science, technology, astronomy, and navigation over the ages.
Dr. P. Kenneth Seidelmann received an Electrical Engineering degree from the University of Cincinnati in 1960, followed by a Master of Science degree in 1962 and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Dynamical Astronomy in 1968. After military service as a Research and Development Coordinator at the US Army Missile Command from 1963 to 1965, he joined the Nautical Almanac Office of the US Naval Observatory. In February 1976, he was named Director of the Nautical Almanac Office. In September 1990, the Nautical Almanac Office was reorganized into two departments and he became director of the Orbital Mechanics Department. In June 1994, the US Naval Observatory was reorganized and Dr. Seidelmann became Director of the Directorate of Astrometry, which included three departments dealing with astrometry and astronomical data. In 2000 he retired from the US Naval Observatory and became a research professor in the Astronomy Department of the University of Virginia.
Dr. Seidelmann has taught courses in Celestial Mechanics at Catholic University of America and the University of Maryland. He is coauthor of three books, “Fundamentals of Astrometry”, “TIME, From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics” (1st and 2nd Editions), and “Celestial Mechanics and Astrodynamics: Theory and Practice”. Additionally, he is coeditor of the “Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac”.
Dr. Seidelmann is a member of the International Astronomical Union, American Astronomical Society, American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics, Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi, Eta Kappa Nu, and Omicron Delta Kappa, and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Institute of Navigation, and the Royal Astronomical Society.
Catherine Hohenkerk started her working life straight from school in 1971, at Royal Greenwich Observatory (RGO). She spent the first four years in the Solar Department while studying (day-release) for a Higher National Certificate in mathematics, statistics and computing. Next, a useful period in the Computer Department while pursuing a day release mathematics degree. In the late 1970s she transferred to HM Nautical Almanac Office, where she remained until she retired at the end of January 2017. Her work has involved all aspects of the generation, production and printing of the data and tables in all the almanacs and associated publications of HMNAO. In 2005 she received the US Naval Observatory’s Superintendents award for her “distinguished service and extraordinary dedication to the joint publications”.
Hohenkerk is fellow of the Royal Institute of Navigation and the Royal Astronomical Society and a member of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), in particular, Division A Fundamental Astronomy. She has been President of IAU Commissions 4 Ephemerides (2012-2015) and A3 (2015-2018), Fundamental Standards. Currently she is Chair of the IAU Working Group Standard of Fundamental Astronomy (SOFA), which provides software that supports IAU Resolutions.
Additional info: Don't forget to upvote and click thanks
Contents
Foreword......Page 5Preface......Page 7
Contents......Page 10
Biographies of Authors......Page 11
1.1 Introduction......Page 16
1.3 Starting in BC......Page 17
1.4 AD to Copernicus......Page 20
1.5 Early Almanacs Before Kepler......Page 25
1.6 Kepler and Printing Presses......Page 28
1.7 Angle Measuring Methods......Page 32
1.8 Conclusion......Page 33
References......Page 34
2.1 An Observatory Is Warranted......Page 36
2.1.1 Dates......Page 38
2.1.2 The Visibility From Derby of the Solar Eclipses of 20th/30th March 1661 and 2nd/12th September 1662......Page 39
2.2 Keeping the Powder Damp: An Observatory Is Funded......Page 40
2.3 Man Was Quite Often Lost: A Problem From Antiquity......Page 41
2.4 Great Minds Think Alike in Gresham College......Page 43
2.5 Brittany Intervenes Over the Longitude in Britain......Page 46
2.6 Golden Days: Good King Charles Turns to His Philosophers......Page 49
2.7 Carpe Diem: Jonas Moore Sees His Chance and Finds His Astronomer......Page 52
2.8 The Ascent of the Man: John Flamsteed Rises to the Occasion......Page 55
2.9 “Call to Your Assistance Such Persons, As You Shall Think Fit”......Page 58
2.10 “Our Astronomical Observator”......Page 61
2.11 The Observatory Rises on Greenwich Hill......Page 63
2.11.1 Astrology and Astronomy in the 17th Century......Page 66
2.12 An Observatory Acquires Equipment......Page 67
2.13 The Working Royal Observatory on Greenwich Hill......Page 71
2.14.1 Primary and Secondary Sources for the History of the Founding of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich From the 17th Century to the Present......Page 74
2.14.2 The Correspondence of John Flamsteed, the First Astronomer Royal......Page 75
2.15 Conclusion......Page 76
References to Original Manuscripts......Page 77
References to Publications......Page 80
Chapter 3: Edmond Halley, Isaac Newton and the Longitude Act of 1714......Page 83
3.1 Britain faces turbulence on land and disaster at sea......Page 84
3.1.1 Dates......Page 85
3.2 No bridges over troubled waters at Greenwich......Page 86
3.3 Oxford comes to the aid of Cambridge-in-Greenwich......Page 88
3.4 Sailing......Page 93
3.5 St Helena......Page 96
3.6 Transit of Mercury......Page 99
3.7 A catalogue published and an international reputation established......Page 101
3.8 More troubled waters, between London and Danzig......Page 104
3.9 Travelling to Danzig......Page 107
3.10 An astronomical Grand Tour, on Earth as it was in the Heavens......Page 109
3.11 Marriage and murder, and another comet......Page 112
3.12 All becomes light in Cambridge......Page 114
3.13 But not all is sweetness between London and Cambridge......Page 118
3.14 Sailing again......Page 119
3.15 A sequence of maritime tragedies......Page 120
3.16 To see the Fellows fight......Page 123
3.17 The voyages HM Pink Paramour......Page 124
3.18 Publish or be damned: all the Prince Consort’s men......Page 129
3.19 Catastrophe: Admiral Sir Clowdisley Shovell and the wrecks of HM Ships Association, Eagle, Romney and Firebrand......Page 132
3.20 Aftermath and consequences......Page 136
3.21 Unwelcome Visitors: but not all the President’s men......Page 138
3.22 An Act of Necessity: the 1714 Longitude Bill and its enactment......Page 141
3.23 Epilogue......Page 145
3.24 Conclusion......Page 151
References to Original Manuscripts......Page 152
References to Publications......Page 155
4.1 Introduction......Page 158
4.2 Expeditions to St Helena and Barbados......Page 159
4.3 The Board of Longitude......Page 162
4.4 The Nautical Almanac......Page 163
4.5 Conclusion......Page 167
References......Page 168
Chapter 5: The British and American Nautical Almanacs in the 19th Century......Page 170
5.1.2 John Pond Succeeds at the Royal Observatory......Page 171
5.1.3 John Pond Achieves Much at the Royal Observatory......Page 173
5.1.5 The Vicissitudes of the Nautical Almanac After 1811......Page 178
5.1.6 A Separate Superintendent Is Appointed......Page 180
5.1.8 The Board of Longitude Is Dissolved and the Superintendence Reverts......Page 182
5.1.9 John Pond Succeeds Less at the Royal Observatory......Page 184
5.1.10 A New Superintendent with a New Office and Modus Operandi......Page 185
5.1.11 A New Astronomer Royal at Greenwich......Page 187
5.1.12 The Parting of the Ways and the Forging of a New Tradition......Page 191
5.2.1 The Founding Era, 1849–1865: Cambridge, Massachusetts......Page 194
5.2.2 Transition: Coffin and the Move to Washington D.C, 1866–1877......Page 198
5.2.3 The Newcomb Era, 1877–1897......Page 199
5.3 Conclusion......Page 204
Manuscript, Archival and Library Sources......Page 205
References to Original Manuscripts......Page 206
References to Publications......Page 207
6.1 Introduction......Page 211
6.3 Initial International Cooperation......Page 212
6.4 The International Astronomical Union......Page 213
6.4.1 World War II and the Cold War......Page 214
6.4.3 Collaboration of UK & US Almanac Offices......Page 215
6.5 International Organizations & Scientific Collaboration......Page 216
6.6.1 Time......Page 217
6.6.2 Reference System Changes......Page 218
6.6.3 Ephemerides......Page 219
References......Page 220
7.1 Various Almanacs Called the NA......Page 222
7.1.1 Chronology of Titles in the UK......Page 223
7.1.2 Chronology of Titles in the US......Page 224
7.2.1 Calculations Prior to 1930......Page 225
7.2.2 L.J. Comrie: Computational Astronomy & Table Design......Page 226
7.2.3 W.J. Eckert, Director, US Nautical Almanac Office, 1940–1945......Page 228
7.3 Collaboration Between US & UK Almanac Offices......Page 229
7.3.1 Collaboration on Lunar Positions......Page 231
7.3.2 Almanacs for Air Navigators......Page 232
7.3.3 Almanacs for Marine Navigators......Page 233
7.3.4 Sight Reduction Tables......Page 234
7.3.4.1 Concise Sight Reduction Tables......Page 238
7.3.5 Almanacs for Astronomers......Page 239
7.4 Calculators, Computers & Applications......Page 240
7.4.2 A Floppy Almanac & MICA......Page 241
7.4.3 Compact Data, Sight Reduction Algorithms and the NA......Page 243
7.5.1 Computers at USNO......Page 244
7.5.2 Computers and Typesetting at HMNAO......Page 246
7.5.3.1 HMNAO’s Use of TeX......Page 249
7.6 Conclusions......Page 250
References......Page 251
8.1 Celestial Reference Systems......Page 252
8.1.1 Types of Celestial Reference Systems......Page 253
8.3 International Celestial Reference System and Frame......Page 254
8.4.2 History of Fundamental Catalogs......Page 256
8.4.3 History of Celestial Reference Systems and Frames......Page 257
8.5.1 Terrestrial Coordinate Systems Surfaces......Page 259
8.6 International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame......Page 260
8.7 Intermediate Reference System......Page 262
8.8 Coordinated Universal Time......Page 264
8.8.1 History of Time Scales......Page 265
8.9 Conclusions......Page 269
References......Page 270
Chapter 9: Evolution of The Nautical Almanac & Celestial Navigation Today......Page 274
9.1.2 Book Sales & Eclipse Guides......Page 275
9.1.3 Securing a Future for the Nautical Almanac in the UK......Page 278
9.1.3.1 Specialist Data......Page 281
9.1.4 Celestial Navigation Products......Page 282
9.1.4.2 NavPac......Page 283
9.1.4.3 Development of Apps......Page 284
9.1.4.4 Automated Celestial Navigation......Page 285
9.1.4.5 Future of Ephemeris Production......Page 286
9.1.5 The Astronomical Almanac......Page 287
9.1.6 The Explanatory Supplement......Page 290
9.1.7 HMNAO Technical Notes......Page 291
9.1.8 Support for the International Astronomical Union (IAU)......Page 292
9.1.9 HMNAO at the Start of the 21st Century......Page 294
9.2.1 Introduction and Background......Page 295
9.2.2 Formation of AA......Page 296
9.2.3.1 The Traditional (Printed) Almanacs......Page 297
9.2.3.2 Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Software (NOVAS)......Page 299
9.2.3.3 Multiyear Interactive Computer Almanac (MICA)......Page 300
9.2.3.4 System to Estimate Latitude and Longitude Astronomically (STELLA)......Page 301
9.2.3.5 Websites......Page 303
9.2.4 Other Activities Related to Celestial Navigation......Page 306
9.2.4.1 Training and Education......Page 307
9.2.4.2 Automated Celestial Navigation......Page 308
9.2.5 Pathway to the Future......Page 309
9.3.1 Star Observations as a Component of Modern Navigation Systems......Page 310
9.3.2 Automated Celestial Navigation Technology......Page 313
9.3.3 The History and Future of Automated Celestial Navigation......Page 316
References......Page 319
Index......Page 323
Contents
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