Ship AutomationFor Marine Engineers and ETOs - Witherby [2012, PDF]

Contents

Contents
Preface
Electrical Safety
Disclaimer
1 How to Read Electrical Diagrams
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Method of Representing Circuit Arrangements
1.3 Markings and Designations
1.4 Electrical Equipment Representation
1.5 How to Locate an Item in the Schematic Diagram
1.6 Diagram Sections and Segments References
1.7 Block Diagrams
1.8 Cable Diagrams and Cable Conductor Reference Tables
1.9 Wire and Conductor Numbering
1.10 Line Break References
1.11 Method of Wiring
1.12 Technical Data and Type Designations
2 Control Elements
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electrical Diagram Symbols
2.3 Abbreviations
3 Miniature Relays, Solid State Relays, Control Relays and Contactors
3.1 Terminal Markings and Contact Designation .
3.2 Miniature Relays
3.2.1 Latching Relay
3.2.2 Reed Relays (Electromechanical Printed Circuit Board Relays)
3.3 Solid State Relays
3.4 Control Relays
3.4.1 Voltage Limiting Elements
3.4.2 Top-Mounted Auxiliary Contact Modules
3.4.3 Ordering Relays .
3.5 Contactors
3.5.1 Side-Mounted Auxiliary Contact Modules (Lateral contacts modules)
3.5.2 Mechanical Interlock, Mechanical-Electrical Interlock
3.5.3 Mechanical Latch
3.5.4 Pneumatic Timer Modules
3.5.5 Contactor Accessory Overview
4 Overload Relay
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bimetal Overload Relays
4.3 Trip Class
4.4 Current Transformers’ Operated Overload Relay (Electronic Overload Relays)
4.5 Breakdowns Noted for Electronic Overload Relays
5 Motor Starter Protectors, Motor Protective Miniature Circuit-Breakers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 MSP Accessories
5.2.1 Undervoltage Release
6 Rotary Switches, Selector Switches and Changeover Switches
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Selector Switches
6.3 Diagram Symbols
6.4 Rotary Switch
7 Timer Relays and Multifunctional Timer Relays
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Timer Relay Functions and Settings
7.2.1 On-Delay Timer
7.2.2 Range and Time Settings for Multi-ranged Time Relays .
7.2.3 Off-Delay Timers
7.2.4 Interval Timer
7.2.5 Recycle Timer
7.2.6 Star-Delta Timer
7.3 Multifunction Timer
7.3.1 Advanced Timer Features
7.3.2 Programmable Multifunction Timers
8 Protection and Monitoring Relays
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Current Monitoring Relay (over/under current monitoring relay)
8.3 Phase Imbalance Monitoring/3-phase Voltage Monitoring Relay
8.4 Thermistor Protection Units (PTC Relays) for Use with PTC Probes
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 Thermistor Probes
8.4.3 PTC Relays
8.4.4 PTC Relay Circuit Diagrams
8.4.5 PTC Voltage Warning
8.5 3-Pole Multifunction Protection Relay
9 Three-Phase Induction Motors
9.1 Induction Motors
9.2 Induction Motor Terminal Features
9.3 Checking Stator Winding
9.4 Phase Current Tolerance
9.5 Verifying e-motor windings
10 Motors Starters
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Direct-on-Line Starting (DOL)
10.2.1 Operation Basics
10.2.2 Troubleshooting DOL Starter Circuits .
10.2.3 Reversing DOL starter
10.2.4 Test Your Knowledge
10.3 Star-Delta Starters
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Operation
10.3.3 Star-Delta Starter Variations
10.3.4 Delta-Double Star, Star-Double Star-Delta Starters
10.3.5 Star-Delta Starter Examples
11 Air Circuit-Breakers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Miniature Air Circuit-breakers
11.3 Moulded Case Air Circuit-breakers
11.4 Automatic Air Circuit-breakers
11.4.1 Preconditions for Closing
11.4.2 Overload and Short Circuit Protection Adjustment
11.4.3 Undervoltage Release
11.4.4 Delay Unit for Undervoltage Release
11.4.5 Undervoltage Release Applications
11.4.6 Shunt Opening/Closing Release
11.4.7 Overcurrent Release
11.4.8 Air Circuit-breaker Control Diagrams
12 LV Power Plant, Main Switchboards, Emergency Switchboards and Power Distribution
12.1 Ship’s Power Plant
12.2 Power Plant Features
12.2.1 Main Switchboard
12.2.2 Emergency Switchboard
12.2.3 MSB-ESB Transfer Line
12.3 Power Management Features
12.4 Electrical Enclosures IP Class
12.5 Marine Cables/3M Heat Shrink Cables Repair Technology
13 High Voltage Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Vacuum Circuit-Breakers
13.3 SF6 Circuit-Breakers
13.3.1 Breaking principle
13.4 Working on HV systems
13.4.1 Working on HV Equipment
13.4.2 Key Safety Aspects when Working on HV Equipment
14 Step-down Transformers
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Low Voltage Power Network
14.3 Transformer Parallel Operation
15 Generator Neutral Systems
15.1 Power System Networks
15.2 Ship Power Systems
15.3 LV Earthed Neutral System 220 V Network Features
16 Insulation Resistance Monitoring on an AC Network
16.1 IR Basics
16.2 IR Monitoring Onboard
17 Synchronous Brushless Alternators Excitation Systems
17.1 Synchronous Brushless Generator Basics
17.1.1 Stator Core and Winding
17.1.2 Rotor Core and Winding
17.1.3 Generator Excitation
17.1.4 Parallel Operation Load Sharing
17.1.5 Generators in Operation
17.1.6 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
17.1.7 Troubleshooting Tips
17.1.8 Generator Insulation Testing
17.2 Understanding Power Factor
18 Process Monitoring Sensors in Practice
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Resistance Temperature Detectors
18.2.1 Pt 100 Resistance Data Table and Characteristic
18.2.2 Pt 100 Compensation Circuit Resistance
18.2.3 Double Pt 100 Sensors
18.2.4 Pt 100 for Temperature Compensation
18.2.5 Solid State Thermostats (Electronic Temperature Relay)
18.2.6 Resistance to Current Converters
18.2.7 Troubleshooting Pt 100s
18.3 Thermocouples
18.3.1 Thermocouples Type-K, -J Characteristics
18.3.2 Exhaust Gas Temperature Monitoring
18.3.3 Troubleshooting Thermocouples
18.4 Pressure Transducers Pressure Transmitters
18.4.1 Millivolts-Output (mV) Pressure Transducers
18.4.2 Volts-Output Pressure Transducers
18.4.3 4-20 mA Pressure Transducers
18.4.4 The Ratio Between Pressure and Current
18.4.5 Troubleshooting 4-20 mA Pressure Transducers
18.4.6 Pressure Transmitters
18.5 Speed Monitoring Sensors
18.5.1 Electromagnetic Speed Sensors
18.5.2 Ferromagnetic Speed Sensors with Line Amplifier
18.5.3 Speed Pickups’ Diagram Definition and Troubleshooting
18.5.4 Speed Monitoring Relays
18.5.5 Frequency to Current (F/I) Converters
18.6 Proximity Sensors
18.6.1 Capacitive Sensors
18.6.2 Inductive Sensors
18.6.3 Proximity Sensor Output
18.6.4 Fuel Rack Transmitter
18.7 Feedback Potentiometers
18.8 Sensor Wiring and Shielding
18.9 Analog Signal Converters
19 Intrinsic Safety
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Zener Barriers
19.3 Intrinsically Safe Applications
19.4 Approvals and Regulations
19.5 Testing Electrical Equipment in Hazardous Areas
20 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
20.1 Introduction
20.2 PLC Basics
20.2.1 PLC Terminology
20.3 Source-Sink Inputs
20.4 Outputs
20.5 Input/Output Extension Module
20.6 Ladder Logic
20.6.1 Basic Instructions
20.6.2 Logic Functions
20.6.3 DOL Starter Ladder Logic
20.7 Troubleshooting PLC-Controlled Circuits
20.7.1 Power Supply
20.7.2 Verifying Input Condition
20.7.3 Verifying Output Condition
20.7.4 CPU Diagnostics
20.7.5 Stepping Forward to PLCs Troubleshooting
20.8 Troubleshooting
21 Process Calibrators
21.1 Process Calibrators
22 Digital Multimeters
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Measuring AC Voltage
22.3 Measuring Resistance
22.4 Measuring Continuity
22.5 Measuring In-Line Current
22.6 Testing Diodes
23 GL Regulations, Machinery Class Notations
Appendices
Appendix 1 – How to Read Electrical Diagrams
Appendix 2 – Control Elements (European Diagram Symbols)
Appendix 3 – Timer Functions
Appendix 4 – Rated Currents of Three-phase Motors
Appendix 5 – Extract of GL Rules 2008 - Low-voltage Switchgear Assemblies
Appendix 6 – Extract of GL Rules 2008 - Switchgear and Protection Devices
Appendix 7 – Extract of GL Rules 2008 - Power Supply Installations
Appendix 8 – Thermocouples J & K Reference Table
Appendix 9 – Resistors’ and Capacitors’ Coding and Marking System
Appendix 10 – Conversions and Prefixes
Finally
Acknowledgements
Reference