Oil Spill Science and Technology - Mervin Fingas [2016, PDF]

Contents

Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. Oil Spills and Risk Perceptions
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Oil Spill Context
1.3. Social Concepts and Risk
1.4. Risk Concepts and Oil Spills
1.5. Conclusions
Chapter 2. Quantification of Oil Spill Risk
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Vessel Spills
2.3. Well Blowouts
2.4. Spill and Blowout Risk Model2.5. Monte Carlo Forecast Model Simulation Results for Example Case
2.6. Crude-by-Rail Spills
2.7. Conclusions
Chapter 3. Oil Physical Properties: Measurement and Correlation
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Bulk Properties of Crude Oil and Fuel Products
3.3. Hydrocarbon Groups
3.4. Quality Assurance and Control
3.5. Effects of Evaporative Weathering on Oil Bulk Properties
Chapter 4. Chemical Fingerprints of Crude Oils and Petroleum
Products
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Fingerprinting Analysis of Petroleum Compounds
4.3. Chemical Components of Petroleum
4.4. Weathering Effect on Oil Chemical Composition
Chapter 5. Oil Spill Remote Sensing
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Atmospheric Properties
5.3. Oil Interaction With Light and Electronic Waves
5.4. Visible Indications of Oil
5.5. Optical Sensors
5.6. Laser Fluorosensors5.7. Microwave Sensors
5.8. Slick Thickness Determination
5.9. Integrated Airborne Sensor Systems
5.10. Satellite Remote Sensing
5.11. Oil Under Ice Detection
5.12. Underwater Detection and Tracking
5.13. Small Remote-Controlled Aircraft
5.14. Real-Time Displays and Printers
5.15. Routine Surveillance
5.16. Future Trends
5.17. Recommendations
Chapter 6. Oil Spill Detection Using Space-Borne Sentinel-1 SAR
Imagery
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Materials and Methods
6.3. Results
6.4. Discussion and Conclusion
Chapter 7. Laser Fluorosensors
7.1. Principles of Operation
7.2. Oil Classification
7.3. Existing Operational Units
7.4. Aircraft Requirements
7.5. Cost Estimates7.6. Conclusion
Chapter 8. Introduction to Spill Modeling
8.1. Introduction
8.2. An Overview of Weathering
8.3. Evaporation
8.4. Water Uptake and Emulsification
8.5. Natural Dispersion
8.6. Other Processes
8.7. Movement of Oil and Oil Spill Modeling
8.8. Spill Modeling
Chapter 9. Physical Spill Countermeasures on Water—Response in
Fast Currents
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Origins of Fast Water Spills
9.3. Basics of Working in Fast Currents
9.4. Tactics
9.5. Safety
9.6. Special Conditions
9.7. Decision Guide
9.8. Calculations
9.9. Current Research
9.10. ConclusionsChapter 10. In Situ Burning: An Update
10.1. Introduction
10.2. An Overview of In Situ Burning
10.3. Detailed Science
10.4. Burn Emissions
10.5. Assessment of Feasibility of Burning
10.6. Burning on Water
10.7. Burning on Land and Wetlands
10.8. Burning in or on Ice
10.9. Equipment—Selection, Deployment, and Operation
10.10. Final Recovery of Residue
10.11. Possible Spill Situations
10.12. Postburn Actions
10.13. Health and Safety Precautions During Burning
Chapter 11. Shoreline Countermeasures
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Shoreline Treatment Decision Process
11.3. Shoreline Treatment Strategies and Tactics
11.4. Treatment by Shore Type
11.5. Waste Generation
Chapter 12. Bioremediation of Oil Spills on Land
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Brief Overview of Bioremediation Techniques for Land Oil Spills12.3. Key Organisms Involved in Biodegradation of Oil Spills on Land
12.4. Environmental Factors Affecting Bioremediation
12.5. In Situ Bioremediation Strategies
12.6. Ex Situ Bioremediation Strategies
12.7. Enhanced Bioremediation
12.8. Case Study: Kuwait Oil Spill
12.9. Conclusion
Chapter 13. Sunken and Submerged Oil
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Sunken and Submerged Oil Characteristics
13.3. Sunken and Submerged Oil Spill Response Methods and
Recommendations for Future Work
Chapter 14. Oil Pollution in Antarctica
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Current Situation
14.3. Antarctic Environment
14.4. Antarctic Biota
14.5. Oil Behavior
14.6. Antarctic Treaty System
14.7. Remediation Techniques
14.8. Case Studies
14.9. ConclusionsChapter 15. Deepwater Horizon Well Blowout Mass Balance
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Scientific Background
15.3. The Macondo Blowout
15.4. The Fate and Removals of Oil on the Sea Surface
15.5. Subsurface Fate and Losses
15.6. Timing of the Losses and Additions
15.7. Calculation of Mass Balance
15.8. Conclusion
Chapter 16. Assessing the Increase in Background Oil–
Contamination Levels Along Alabama's Beaches Resulting From the
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Study Area
16.3. Background Oil Levels in Alabama's Beaches Prior to the Arrival of
DWH Oil Spill
16.4. State of Alabama's Beaches During Active Oil Deposition Period (From
June 2010 to August 2010)
16.5. State of Alabama's Beaches During the Cleanup Period (August 2010 to
June 2013)
16.6. State of Alabama's Beaches During Post-cleanup Period (2013–14)
16.7. Post-cleanup Surveys Completed From 2015 to 2016
16.8. Laboratory Studies: Chemical Characterization of DWH Oil Spill
Residues
16.9. Discussion
16.10. ConclusionsList of Abbreviations
Chapter 17. Remote Sensing of Oil Slicks for the Deepwater Horizon
Damage Assessment
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Methods
17.3. Results
17.4. Discussion
17.5. Conclusion and Recommendations
Chapter 18. The Hebei Spirit Oil Spill, 2007
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Response at Sea and On Shore
18.3. The Issue of Submerged Oil
18.4. Oil Contamination in the Environment
18.5. Biological and Ecological Effects
18.6. Conclusion
Chapter 19. Health Aspects of the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Acute Health Effects
19.3. Long-Term Health Effects
19.4. Mothers and Children's Environmental Health Study
19.5. Environmental Health Contingency Plan in Oil Spill Disasters
19.6. Future NeedsChapter 20. Recent Studies on the Effects of Oil
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Some Historical Background
20.3. Oil and Fish: A Paradigm Shift
20.4. Fish Studies Post–Deepwater Horizon
20.5. Marine Mammals and Oil: Early Studies
20.6. The Exxon Valdez and Killer Whales: Circumstantial but Compelling
20.7. Dolphins and the Deepwater Horizon: “Uncommon Disease Conditions”
20.8. Oil and Sea Turtles: Known Risk but Little Information
20.9. Conclusion
Conversions
Index