Year: 2022 Language: english Author: Ashraf Mohammed Keshk Genre: Textbook Publisher: Springer Edition: 1 ISBN: 978-981-19-4245-7 Format: PDF Quality: eBook Pages count: 170 Description: This book, authored by Dr. Ashraf Muhammad Keshk, tackles the issue of “Mar-itime Security of the Arab Gulf States: An Analysis of Real Threats, Confrontation Strategies and Future Challenges”. Its significance emanates from the conspicuous increase in the maritime security threats, which have been targeting oil tankers in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman through the years (2019–2021). Actually, the chronic hazards of these threats pushed the author to raise a question: Is the Arabian Gulf region witnessing a new tanker war, similar to the Iraq-Iran war in 1980s, when the United States led an international coalition to protect the Gulf oil tankers? The chapters of this book constitute an attempt to answer this question through exposing several definitions of the maritime security concept along with illustrating the former theoretical contributions in this regard. Then, an analysis of the international legal regulations of strategic waterways in the Arabian Gulf region, namely “the Straits of Hormuz and Bab al-Mandab”, is followed.
Вы не можете начинать темы Вы не можете отвечать на сообщения Вы не можете редактировать свои сообщения Вы не можете удалять свои сообщения Вы не можете голосовать в опросах Вы не можете прикреплять файлы к сообщениям Вы не можете скачивать файлы
Maritime Security of the Arab Gulf States
Language: english
Author: Ashraf Mohammed Keshk
Genre: Textbook
Publisher: Springer
Edition: 1
ISBN: 978-981-19-4245-7
Format: PDF
Quality: eBook
Pages count: 170
Description: This book, authored by Dr. Ashraf Muhammad Keshk, tackles the issue of “Mar-itime Security of the Arab Gulf States: An Analysis of Real Threats, Confrontation Strategies and Future Challenges”. Its significance emanates from the conspicuous increase in the maritime security threats, which have been targeting oil tankers in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman through the years (2019–2021). Actually, the chronic hazards of these threats pushed the author to raise a question: Is the Arabian Gulf region witnessing a new tanker war, similar to the Iraq-Iran war in 1980s, when the United States led an international coalition to protect the Gulf oil tankers? The chapters of this book constitute an attempt to answer this question through exposing several definitions of the maritime security concept along with illustrating the former theoretical contributions in this regard. Then, an analysis of the international legal regulations of strategic waterways in the Arabian Gulf region, namely “the Straits of Hormuz and Bab al-Mandab”, is followed.
Contents
1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2
Theoretical Framework and Previous Studies on Maritime Security in the Arab Gulf Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2
Maritime Security in Strategies of Small States: A Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3
The Concept of Small States and Their Security Dilemma . . . . . . . 8
2.4
Small States and the Dilemma of Achieving Balance of Power . . . 9
2.5
The Foreign Policies of Small Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.6
Defence Options for Small States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.7
Significance of the Theoretical Framework to the Four Chapters of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.8
Literature Review on Maritime Security in the Arab Gulf Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.9
Maritime Security Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.10
Maritime Security and its Relation to Energy Security and Economic Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.11
The Current and the Anticipated Efforts to Maintain Maritime Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.12
The Author’s Own Comments on the Afore-Illustrated Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3
Maritime Security of the Arab Gulf States: The Concept and Its Historical and Legal Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2
The Maritime Security Concept in Theory and Practice . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2.1
The Sea State Theory and the Arab Gulf States . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3
The History of Maritime Security Threats to the Arab Gulf States: the “Tanker War” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3.1
The Role of Geography in Conflicts, “Seas as a Case Study” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3.2
The Tanker War… A New Course for the Iran-Iraq War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3.3
Illustration of the Western Intervention to Protect Oil Tankers: “Operation Earnest Will” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4
The Position of the Arab Gulf States During the Tanker War . . . . . 35
3.4.1
Lessons Learned from the Tanker War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5
The Legal Regulation of Sea Lanes in the Arabian Gulf Region: (Hormuz and Bab al-Mandab) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.5.1
The Legal Status of International Navigation Passage in the Strait of Hormuz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.5.2
The Legal Status of International Navigation in the Bab al-Mandab Strait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.6
The Relationship Between Maritime Security and Regional Security of the Arabian Gulf Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.6.1
The Impact of Maritime Security on the Concept of Gulf Regional Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.6.2
Maritime Security is Cause of Establishing Military Coalitions in the Arabian Gulf Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.6.3
Employing Regional Conflicts to Threaten Maritime Security and Intensifying International Rivalry Near Waterways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4
Maritime Security Threats and the Arabian Gulf States . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2
Targeting Oil Tankers in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2.1
The First Attack May 12, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2.2
The Second Attack June 13, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2.3
The Third Attack; Against the Tanker Mercer Street (July 29, 2021) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3
Iranian Threats and the Strait of Hormuz Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.4
Piracy, Maritime Terrorism, Illegal Smuggling and Arms Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.4.1
Maritime Piracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.4.2
Maritime Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.4.3
Illegal Smuggling, Human Trafficking and Weapons . . . . . 74
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5
Mechanisms of the Arabian Gulf Countries to Safeguard Maritime Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.2
The Gulf Collective and Separate State Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.2.1
The Gulf Collective Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.2.2
At the Level of Separate Arabian Gulf Countries . . . . . . . . 87
5.3
Mechanisms of the Gulf Countries to Counter Threats to Maritime Security at the Regional Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.3.1
Role of Djibouti Code of Conduct in Countering Maritime Security Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.3.2
The Council of the Arab and African Countries Bordering the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.4
Gulf Countries and International Partnerships for Maritime Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.4.1
The Naval Military Coalition for Maritime Security in the Gulf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.4.2
European Mission to Monitor Navigation in the Strait of Hormuz 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6
Obstacles to Achieving Maritime Security for the Arabian Gulf Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.2
Difficulties Facing the Military Coalition for Security of Navigation in the Arabian Gulf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.3
Building Naval Capabilities and the Gap Between the Gulf Countries and Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.4
Challenges of Employing Technology in Maritime Security . . . . . 131
6.5
Conflict and Rivalry in the Horn of Africa and Its Impact on the Security of Maritime Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Book Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Strategic Conclusions of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Screenshots
Maritime Security of the Arab Gulf States Analysis....pdf
Скачать [2 KB]
Поделиться