pakasi ® 10-Мар-2022 03:31

Oil Spill Occurrence, Simulation, and Behavior


Year: 2021
Language: english
Author: M.R Riazi
Genre: Practical guide
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1138362301
Format: PDF
Quality: eBook
Pages count: 317
Description: Oil Spill Occurrence, Simulation, and Behavior provides practical insight into oil spills and their causes, impacts, response and cleanup methods, simple and advanced modeling of oil spill behavior, and oil spill simulation techniques.

Contents

Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
Author Biography................................................................................................... xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
References .......................................................................................... 14
Chapter 2 Characteristics and Properties of Crude Oil and Its Products ........... 17
2.1 Nature of Crude Oils and Their Products ............................... 19
2.2 Basic Properties of Pure Hydrocarbons ..................................23
2.3 Basic Properties of Crude Oil and Its Products.......................26
2.4 Estimation of the Composition of Petroleum Mixtures........... 32
2.5 Estimation of Density and Pour Point ..................................... 33
2.6 Estimation of Boiling Point, Flash Point, and Vapor Pressure .... 37
2.7 Estimation of Viscosity, Diffusivity, and Surface Tension......38
2.8 Solubility of Hydrocarbons and Petroleum Fluids in Water ... 42
2.9 Summary ................................................................................. 45
References ..........................................................................................46
Chapter 3 Sources and Causes of Oil Spills ....................................................... 47
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 47
3.2 Statistical Data on Oil and Gas Production and Trade
Movement ................................................................................49
3.3 Oil Spills Caused by Petroleum Exploration and Production .......55
3.4 Oil Spills Caused by Marine Transportation...........................59
3.4.1 Oil and Gas Transportation by Tankers .....................60
3.4.2 Oil and Gas Transportation by Pipelines ...................65
3.5 Oil Spills Caused by Refineries...............................................69
3.6 Oil Spills Caused by Natural Seeps ........................................69
3.7 Oil Spills Caused by War, Sabotage, and Other Actions ........ 71
3.8 Summary ................................................................................. 76
References ..........................................................................................77
Chapter 4 Major Oil Spills: Occurrence and Their Impacts............................... 81
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 81
4.2 Oil Spill Detection...................................................................84
4.3 Major Accidents.......................................................................85
4.4 Tanker Oil Spills......................................................................90
4.4.1 Sanchi Oil Spill..........................................................90
4.4.2 Haven Oil Spill...........................................................92viii Contents
4.4.3 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill ...............................................93
4.5 Persian Gulf Oil Spill ..............................................................95
4.6 Deepwater Horizon (Gulf of Mexico) Oil Spill 2010 ..............98
4.6.1 Chronology of Events.................................................99
4.6.2 How it Occurred....................................................... 102
4.6.3 Deepwater Horizon, Macondo Well, and Fluid
Composition ............................................................. 115
4.6.4 Meteorological Data................................................. 118
4.6.5 Oil Flow Rate and Slick Area .................................. 122
4.6.5.1 Oil Flow Rate............................................ 122
4.6.5.2 Surface Area ............................................. 122
4.6.6 Trajectory and Simulation........................................126
4.7 Summary ............................................................................... 131
References ........................................................................................ 131
Chapter 5 Environmental, Economic, and Political Impacts: Case of BP
Oil Spill ............................................................................................ 135
5.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 135
5.2 Environmental Impacts ......................................................... 136
5.2.1 Impacts on the Birds and Fish.................................. 136
5.2.2 Impacts on the Shores and People............................ 140
5.3 Economic Impacts ................................................................. 149
5.4 How the Oil Spill Was Stopped............................................. 151
5.5 Brief History of BP................................................................ 155
5.6 Political Impacts .................................................................... 157
5.7 Summary ............................................................................... 162
Chapter 6 Oil Spill Response and Cleanup Methods: Case of BP Oil Spill..... 163
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 163
6.2 Natural Processes .................................................................. 165
6.2.1 Evaporation............................................................... 166
6.2.2 Spreading.................................................................. 167
6.2.3 Dispersion................................................................. 167
6.2.4 Dissolution................................................................ 167
6.2.5 Emulsification........................................................... 169
6.2.6 Oxidation.................................................................. 169
6.2.7 Sedimentation........................................................... 169
6.2.8 Biodegradation ......................................................... 170
6.3 Protective Booms................................................................... 171
6.4 In-Situ Burning...................................................................... 175
6.5 Dispersants ............................................................................ 181
6.6 Skimming and Mechanical Removal Methods ..................... 189
6.7 Summary ............................................................................... 195
References ........................................................................................ 197Contents ix
Chapter 7 Simple Models to Predict Rate of Oil Spill Disappearance............. 199
7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................200
7.2 Modeling Scheme..................................................................204
7.3 Calculation Procedure ...........................................................207
7.4 Laboratory Experiments and Model Predictions .................. 211
7.5 Application of the Model to the Case of Continuous Flow
of Oil...................................................................................... 217
7.6 Summary ...............................................................................220
References ........................................................................................222
Chapter 8 Advanced Oil Spill Modeling and Simulation Techniques..............225
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................225
8.2 Near-Field and Far-Field Oil Spill Modeling ........................226
8.3 Subsea Blowouts and Near-Field Modeling ..........................227
8.3.1 Introduction ..............................................................227
8.3.2 Reservoir Fluid versus Surface Oil ..........................228
8.3.3 Modeling the Underwater Oil Jet.............................228
8.3.3.1 The Physical Processes.............................228
8.3.3.2 Current Modeling Approaches .................230
8.3.3.3 Equilibrium Droplet Size Model .............. 231
8.3.3.4 Population Dynamic Droplet
Size Model ................................................ 233
8.3.3.5 Modeling Oil Plume Dynamics and
Underwater Degradation Processes..........234
8.3.3.6 Typical Near-Field Model Inputs and
Produced Results ...................................... 241
8.4 Far-Field Oil Spill Modeling .................................................242
8.4.1 Oil Spill Advection...................................................244
8.4.2 The Importance of Wave Data .................................249
8.4.3 Other Critical Inputs and Processes.........................249
8.4.3.1 Oil Entrainment and Droplet Size
Distribution...............................................250
8.4.3.2 Oil Spill Weathering and Oil Decaying
Processes................................................... 251
8.4.4 Modeling of the Response Measures .......................256
8.4.5 Statistical Analysis for Contingency Planning.........256
8.5 Summary ...............................................................................260
8.6 Acknowledgments ................................................................. 261
References ........................................................................................262
Chapter 9 Economic and Financial Impacts of Oil Spills ................................265
9.1 Oil, Oil Spill, Response and Recovery System .....................265
9.1.1 Oil and Gas System and Potential Oil Spills ...........266
9.1.1.1 Oil and Gas System ..................................266x Contents
9.1.1.2 Potential Oil Spills.................................... 267
9.1.2 Oil Spill Response and Recovery System ................268
9.2 Economic and Financial Aspects of Oil Spill .......................269
9.2.1 Local Economic Impact ........................................... 271
9.2.1.1 Cleanup Costs ........................................... 271
9.2.1.2 Natural Resource Damages ......................280
9.2.1.3 Socioeconomic Loss.................................283
9.2.1.4 Other Costs ...............................................284
9.2.2 Global Economic Impact..........................................285
9.3 Major Oil Spills: Compensation, Claim, and Cost
Estimation..............................................................................285
9.4 Summary ...............................................................................290
References ........................................................................................290
Index ......................................................................................................................293

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