pakasi ® 29-Mar-2022 08:41

Electrical Machines Engineering Handbook


Year: 2019
Language: english
Author: K.L. Sharma
Genre: Handbook
ISBN: B07T69DVZD
Format: PDF
Quality: eBook
Pages count: 432
Description: Electrical Machines Engineering Handbook
In this Book
Chapter1 General Principle of DC Machines
Chapter2 DC Generator
Chapter3 DC Motor
Chapter4 Transformer
Chapter5 Alternator
Chapter 6 Synchronous Motor
Chapter7 Three Phase Induction Motor
Chapter8 Single Phase Induction Motors

Contents

Chapter 1 General Principle of DC Machines 1-21
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 General Principle Of DC Generator 3
1.2.1 Working Principles 3
1.3 Action Of Commutator 5
1.4 Constructional Features 6
1.4.1 Magnetic frame or yoke 6
1.4.2 Pole cores & Pole shoes 6
1.4.3 Armature Core 7
1.4.4 Pole coils or field coils 7
1.4.5 Armature winding 8
1.4.6 Commutator 8
1.4.7 Brushes and Bearing 8
1.5 Armature Winding 9
1.5.1 Pole- pitch 9
1.5.2 Conductor 9
1.5.3 Coil and winding Element 10
1.5.4 Coil-span or coil-pitch 10
1.5.5 Pitch of a Winding (Y) 11
1.6 Classification of Winding According to Layer 12
1.7 Classification of Winding According to Shape 13
1.7.1 Lap winding 13
1.7.2 Wave winding 15
1.8 Emf Equation of DC Generator 19
Exercise 21
Chapter 2 DC Generator 22-81
2.1 introduction 22
2.2 classification of DC generator (methods of excitation) 222.3 separately excited DC generator 23
2.4 self excited DC generator 25
2.4.1 Shunt Wound Generator 25
2.4.2 Compound Wound Generator 29
2.4.3 Series Wound Generator 32
2.5 Characteristics of self excited DC Generator 34
2.5.1 No Load Saturation Characteristics (E
g
or Eo/I
f ) 34
2.5.2 No-Load saturation characteristic of separately excited DC generator 35
2.5.3 No-Load Saturation Curve shunt generator 35
2.6 Critical Resistance and critical speed 36
2.7 Voltage Buildup in a shunt generator 38
2.8 Internal characteristics (E/Ia) 39
2.8.1 No load characteristics of compound wound Generator 39
2.9 External characteristic of shunt generator 40
2.10 Voltage regulation of generator 41
2.11 Characteristics of Series Generator 43
2.12 Armature Reaction 47
2.13 Compensation winding 52
2.14 Commutation 55
2.14.1 Technique of commutation 56
2.14.2 Types of Improving Commutation 59
2.15 Interpoles 61
2.15.1 Function of interpole 61
2.16 Parallel operation of DC Generator 63
2.17 Parallel operation of DC compound generator 67
2.18 Parallel operation of DC Series Generator 69
2.19 Losses and Efficiency 71
Exercise 79
Chapter 3 DC Motor 82-138
3.1 Introduction 82
3.2 Working Principle of dc motor 82
3.3 Significance of the Back emf 83
3.4 E.m.f Equation of Motor 84
3.5 Torque 85
3.5.1 Armature Torque of Motor (T) 86
3.5.2 Shaft Torque (Tsh) 86
3.5.3 Torque and speed relationship of a DC motor 87
3.6 Classification of DC Motor 88
3.6.1 Separately excited DC Motor 88
3.6.2 Series DC Motor 89
3.6.2.1 Torque~Arature Current (Ta~Ia) 89
3.6.2.2 Speed ~ armature current (N~Ia) 89
3.6.2.3 Speed~Torque Characteristics (N~Ta) 90
3.6.3 DC Shunt Motor 90
3.6.3.1 Torque~Armature Current (Ta~Ia) 913.6.3.2 Speed ~ Armature Current (N~Ia) 91
3.6.3.3 Torque~Speed current (N~Ta) 91
3.6.4 DC Compound motor 92
3.6.4.1 Short shunt Compound motor 92
3.6.4.2 Long Shunt Compound motor 92
3.7 Losses And Efficiency Of Dc Motor 93
3.8 Speed Control Of DC Motor 104
3.9 Speed Control Of DC Shunt Motor 105
3.9.1 Flux control method 105
3.9.2 Armature control method 105
3.10 Voltage control method 107
3.10.1 Multiple voltage control 107
3.10.2 Speed control by ward-leonard system 107
3.11 Speed control of DC Series Motor 110
3.11.1 Flux control method 110
3.11.2 Variable resistance in series with Motor 111
3.12 Electric Braking Of DC Motor 116
3.12.1 Electric Braking of DC Shunt motor 116
3.12.2 Electric Braking of Series Motor 119
3.13 Starting of DC Motor 121
3.13.1 Three –Point Starter (For Shunt Motor) 122
3.13.2 Four Point Starter (For Compound Motor) 124
3.13.3 Drum-Controller (For series motor) 125
3.14 Testing of DC Machine 126
3.14.1 Brake Test (Full-load Test) 126
3.14.2 Swinburne’s Test 129
3.14.3 Hopkinson’s test (Back to back or Regenerated Test) 132
Exercise 137
Chapter 4 Transformer 139-217
4.1 Introduction 139
4.2 Operation Techniques 139
4.3 E.M.F. Equation 140
4.4 Transformation ratio 141
4.5 Constructional Features 142
4.5.1 Classification of Transformer According to Construction type 144
4.5.1.1 Core type transformer 144
4.5.1.2 Shell-Type Transformer 145
4.5.2 Classification of Transformer according to cooling 145
4.6 Ideal Transformer 146
4.7 Transformer on No-load 147
4.8 Transformer on Load 150
4.9 Equivalent Circuit Diagram of Transformer 153
4.10 Total Approximate Voltage Drop in a Transformer 1584.11 Testing of Transformer 160
4.11.1 Open circuit or No-load Test 160
4.11.2 Short Circuit or impedance Test 164
4.12 Cause of transformer Rating in KVA 166
4.13 Voltage Regulation of Transformer 170
4.14 Efficiency calculation of transformer 177
4.14.1 Condition for maximum efficiency 177
4.14.2 Variation of efficiency with power factor 178
4.14.3 All –day efficiency of a transformer 179
4.14.4 Commercial efficiency 179
4.15 Sumpner Or Back To Back Test Of Transformer 181
4.16 Auto-transformer 187
4.17 Conversion Of Single Phase Transformer Into Auto Transformer 189
4.18 Parallel Operation Of Transformer 192
4.19 Different Cases For Operation Of Transformer 192
4.20 Three Phase Transformer 198
4.21 Operation Principle Of Three Phase Transformer 199
4.22 Types Of 3-phase Transformer 200
4.22.1 Y-Y Connection 201
4.22.2 Y - D Connection 202
4.22.3 D -Y Connection 202
4.22.4 D - D Connection 203
4.23 Open delta or V-V Connection 204
4.24 Scott or T-T Connection 209
4.25 Parallel operation of 3-f Transformer 211
4.26 Induction Heating Transformer 212
4.27 High frequency transformer 213
Multiple Choice Questions 213
Exercise 215
Chapter 5 Alternator 218-292
5.1 Introduction 218
5.2 Classification of Alternator / synchronous machines 218
5.2.1 Rotating Armature Type 219
5.2.2 Rotating-Field Type 219
5.3 Working Principle of Alternator 219
5.4 Constructional features 220
5.4.1 Stator 220
5.4.2 Rotor 221
5.5 Armature Windings 222
5.5.1 Single-Layer Winding 223
5.5.2 Two-layer Winding 225
5.6 Different Parameter for Armature windings 227
5.7 E.M.F Equation of Alternator 232
5.8 Alternator on Loading Conditions 2365.9 Vector diagram of loaded alternator under different power factor 240
5.10 Voltage Regulation of Alternator 241
5.10.1 Synchronous Impedance Method 245
5.10.2 Ampere-turn or Rothert’s MMF Method 246
5.10.3 Zero Power factor or Potier Method 247
5.11 Parallel operation of Alternator 258
5.11.1 Parallel operation of single-phase alternator 259
5.11.2 Parallel operation of 3-f alternator 260
5.12 Synchronizing Current 262
5.13 Synchronizing Power (P
sy
) 263
5.14 Synchronizing Torque 265
5.15 Calculation of Synchronizing power from voltage equation of alternator 266
5.16 Mathematically expression when two alternator Connected in parallel 268
5.17 Parallel Operation of Alternator with unequal voltages 273
5.17.1 Effect of Change in Excitation 274
5.17.2 Effect of change in speed of Primemover 275
5.18 Maximum Power output of Alternator 279
5.19 Salient pole Synchronous Machine 283
5.19.1 Equivalent circuit Diagram 284
5.19.2 Calculation of Different Parameters Form Phaser diagram 285
5.19.3 Calculation of power developed in synchronous Generator 287
Exercise 290
Chapter 6 Synchronous Motor 293-326
6.1 Introduction 293
6.2 Key features of Synchronous Motor 293
6.3 Construction of a Synchronous Motor 294
6.4 Principles of operation 296
6.5 Methods of Starting synchronous motor 298
6.5.1 Motor Starting by Reducing the supply Frequency 298
6.5.2 Motor Starting with an External Motor 299
6.5.3 Motor Starting by Using damper (Amortisseur) Winding 300
6.6 Loading condition of Synchronous Motor with Constant excitation 300
6.7 Effect of changes in field excitation on synchronous motor Performance 301
6.8 Power stages in Synchronous Motor 304
6.9 Equivalent circuit of a Synchronous Motor 305
6.10 Power developed by a Synchronous Motor 307
6.11 Synchronous motor with different excitation 308
6.12 Effect of the Increased load with constant excitation 310
6.13 Effect of variation of excitation with constant load 314
6.14 Torque of Synchronous Motor 315
6.15 Calculation of power and gross torque developed by synchronous motor 3166.16 Salient-pole synchronous motor 318
6.16.1 Power developed by a Salient Pole Synchronous Motor 319
6.16.2 Effect of Excitation on armature current and power factor 319
6.17 Construction of V-Curve 321
Exercise 326
Chapter 7 Three Phase Induction Motor 327-400
7.1 Introduction 327
7.2 Classification Of Ac Motors 327
7.3 Basic Construction And Operating Principle 328
7.3.1 Stator 328
7.3.2 Squirrel Cage Rotor 328
7.3.3 Phase wound Rotor /Slip Ring 329
7.4 Two Phase Revolving Theory 330
7.5 Three phase revolving theory 333
7.6 Operation Technique of Rotor Rotation 335
7.7 Concept of slip 336
7.7.1 Calculation of frequency of rotor current 337
7.8 Induction motor as a Generalized Transformer 338
7.9 Equivalent Circuit Diagram of rotor Circuit 341
7.10 Equivalent Circuit of induction Motor 343
7.11 Calculation of power, Gross torque and synchronous watt 344
7.11.1 Calculation of condition for maximum output 345
7.11.2 Slip corresponding to maximum power 346
7.12 Power stages in an Induction Motor 350
7.13 Torque Developed by an induction motor 351
7.14 Different power relationships in induction motor 352
7.15 Calculation of rotor reactance and rotor voltage under running condition 354
7.15.1 Torque under starting conditions 354
7.15.2 Condition for maximum starting torque 356
7.15.3 Starting torque and supply voltage relationship 356
7.15.4 Torque under running condition 359
7.15.5 Condition of maximum torque under running condition 360
7.15.6 Relation between Rotor torque and Break down torque 362
7.15.7 Relation between starting torque (Tst) and maximum torque (Tmax) 363
7.15.8 Relation between Full-load torque and maximum torque 364
7.15.9 Relation between Torque and slip 369
7.16 Effect of variation of supply voltage on torque and speed 370
7.17 Effect of variation in supply frequency or torque and speed 370
7.18 Torque/Speed curve 371
7.19 Current/ Speed curve of an induction motor 371
7.20 Starting of Induction Motors 3727.20.1 Squirrel-Cage Motors 374
7.20.2 Slip-ring Induction Motors—Starting of 378
7.21 speed control of induction motors 379
7.22 crawling 382
7.23 cogging 382
7.24 electrical braking of polyphase induction motors 383
7.24.1 Plugging 383
7.24.2 Dynamic (or rheostatic) braking 384
7.24.3 Regenerative braking 385
7.25 Induction Generator 385
7.25.1 Synchronous watt & Synchronous torque 388
7.25.2 Relationship between Rotor current and Torque 389
7.26 Performance characteristics of an induction motor 390
7.26.1 Circle diagram for a series circuit 390
7.26.2 Circle diagram for the approximate equivalent circuit of an induction motor 391
7.26.3 No-load Test 393
7.26.4 Block –Rotor Test 395
Exercise 398
Chapter 8 Single Phase Induction Motors 401-424
8.1 Introduction 401
8.2 Construction 402
8.3 Double-Field revolving Theory 402
8.4 Equivalent Circuit Diagram of Single phase Induction Motor 407
8.5 Starting Of Single Phase Induction Motors 409
8.5.1 Split-phase induction motor 410
8.5.2 Capacitor start induction motor 411
8.5.3 Capacitor start capacitor run motor 412
8.6 Shaded pole induction motor 413
8.7 Application of single phase Induction motor 415
8.8 Universal Motor 415
8.9 Synchros 417
8.10 DC Tachometer 418
8.11 AC Tachometer 418
8.12 Two Phase Servomotor 419

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