The Principles and Practice of Navigation - A. Frost [1997, PDF]

Contents

CHAPTER I
The earth-its shape. The figure of the earth. The measurement of I
position on the earth's surface. Latitude and longitude. Geocentric and
geographical latitude. Change of position on the earth's surfacedifference
of latitude. Difference of longitude. The measurement of distance
on the earth's surface-the nautical mile. The geographical mile. The
measurement of direction. Courses and bearings. Variation and deviation.
CHAPTER 2
The mercator chart. The rhumb line. The scale of distance on a mercator 20
chart. Meridional parts. The construction of the mercator chart. Natural
scale.
CHAPTER 3
The Loxodrome. Parallel sailings. Plane sailing. Mercator sailing. The 30
middle latitude and mid lat sailing. I
CHAPTER 4
Great circles. The vertex. Great circles on a mercator chart. Convergency. 42.
The curve of constant bearing. Great circle sailing. Composite great circle
sailing. The gnomonic chart. Making good a great circle track.
CHAPTER 5
The celestial sphere. The measurement of position on the celestial sphere. 70
The apparent motion of the sun on the celestial sphere-the ecliptic.
Greenwich hour angle and local hour angle. The Nautical Almanac.
Altitude and azimuth. Celestial latitude and celestial longitude.
Conversion between co-ordinate systems. The PZX triangle.
CHAPTER 6
Correction of altitudes. Dip. Refraction. Formulae for dip and refraction. 88
Semi-diameter. The augmentation. Parallax. Its reduction for latitude.
Parallax in altitude. Total correction tables.
CHAPTER 7
Time. The solar day. The sidereal day. Variation in the length of the solar 108
day. Mean solar time. The equation of time. Universal time. Atomic time
and co-ordinated universal time. Sidereal time. Calculations on time.
Precession of the equinox nutation. The year. The civil calendar.
CHAPTER 8
The earth-moon system. The motion of the moon on the celestial sphere 128
in SHA and in declination. The phases of the moon. Retardation in the
meridian passage of the m~on. Retardation in moonrise and moonset. The
moon's rotation. Librations of the moon. Eclipses. The ecliptic limits. The
recurrence of eclipses.
CHAPTER 9
Planetary and satellite motions. Universal gravitation. Artificial satellites. 142
The solar system. Relative planetary motion. Phases of planets. Retrograde
motion of planets. The relationship between relative motion of planets
and the 'v' correction.
CHAPTER 10
Figure drawing. The stereographic projection. The equidistant projection. 161
Sketch figures to illustrate navigational problems. The solution of
theoretical problems by spherical trigonometry.
CHAPTER 11
The motion of the heavens. The earth's motion within the solar system 182
and its effect on the apparent motion of the heavens. The effect of a change
of latitude on the apparent motion of the heavens. The length of daylight
to a stationary observer. The seasons. The effect of the earth's orbital
motion on the apparent motion of the heavens-the change of declination
of the sun. Rates of change of hour angle. Rates of change of altitude.
Twilight. Variation in the length of twilight. Finding the times of sunrise
and sunset and the limits of twilight by solution of the PZX triangle.
CHAPTER 12
The celestial position line. Methods of obtaining a position through which 199
to draw the position line. The Marcq St Hilaire method. The longitude by
chronometer method. The meridian altitude method.
CHAPTER 13
The calculation of the position line. The elements of the PZX triangle. 218
The Marcq St Hilaire method. The longitude by chronometer method.
Noon position by forenoon sight and meridian altitude. The ex-meridian
problem. Ex-meridian tables.
CHAPTER 14
Meridian altitudes. Finding the time of meridian passage. The longitude 238
correction. Finding the latitude by meridian altitude. Lower meridian
passage. Maximum and meridian altitudes.
CHAPTER 15
The pole star problem. Pole star tables. Latitude by pole star. 256
CHAPTER 16
The azimuth problem. The ABC tables. Compass error by ABC tables. 262
Amplitudes. The observed altitude at theoretical rising and setting. The
amplitude formula. Compass error by observation of the amplitude.
APPENDIX 1
Specimen practical navigation papers. Specimen principles of navigation 274
papers.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 279
INDEX 289
EXTRACTS FROM THE Nautical Almanac 295