Ship Stability for Masters and Mates / Sixth edition - Consolidated 2006
Year: 2006 Language: english Author: Bryan Barrass and D.R. Derrett Publisher: Elsevier Ltd. Series: SIXTH EDITION Format: PDF Quality: Scanned pages Number of pages: 549 Description:Throughout this book, when dealing with Transverse Stability, BM, GM and KM will be used. When dealing with Trim, i.e. Longitudinal Stability, then BMl, GMl and KML will be used to denote the longitudinal considerations. Therefore, there will be no suffix 'T' for Transverse Stability, but there will be a suffix 'L' for the Longitudinal Stability text and diagrams. In 1968, Captain D.R. Derrett wrote the highly acclaimed standard textbook 'Ship Stability for Masters and Mates'. In 1999, for the Fifth edition, I revised several areas of the Fourth edition (1984) book and introduced new topics that were in keeping with examinations and developments within the shipping industry. Changes to the Sixth edition In 2004, the SQA/MCA made major changes to the syllabuses for the STCW 95 Chief Mate/Master Reg. 11/2 (Unlimited) Ship Stability course. Changes were also made to the STCW 95 Officer in Charge of Navigational Watch <500 gt Reg. 11/3 (Near Coastal) General Ship Knowledge and Operations syllabus. Other key changes since the Fifth (1999) edition and this Sixth edition include the following: • IMO Grain Rules and angle of list • Floodable and permissible length curves • Icing allowances - effects on trim and stability • A Trim and Stability pro-forma sheet • Tabular and assigned freeboard values • Load lines and freeboard marks • Effects of side winds on stability - wind levers and wind moments • The calibration book • Update of research into squat and interaction • Air draft considerations • Draft Surveys - procedures and calculations • Synchronous rolling of ships and associated dangers • Parametric rolling of ships and associated dangers • Timber ship freeboard marks • Trimming moments about the aft perpendicular • Changes in lightweight and its KG over a period of time • Recent SQA/MCA examination questions. xiv Ship Stability for Masters and Mates
More...
My main aims and objectives for this Sixth edition of the book are: 1. To help Masters, Mates and Engineering Officers prepare for their SQA/MCA written and oral examinations. 2. To provide knowledge at a basic level for those whose responsibilities include the loading and safe operation of ships. 3. To give Maritime students and Marine Officers an awareness of problems when dealing with stability and strength, and to suggest methods for solving these problems if they meet them in their day-to-day operation of ships. 4. To act as a good quick reference source for those officers who obtained their Certificates of Competency a few months/years prior to joining their ship, port or dry-dock. 5. To help students of naval architecture/ship technology in their studies on ONC, HNC, HND and initial years on undergraduate degree courses. 6. To assist dry-dock personnel, Ship-designers, Dft ship-surveyors, Port Authorities, Marine Consultants, Nautical Study Lecturers, Marine Superintendents, etc. in their Ship Stability deliberations. There are 12 new chapters in this new edition. Also included are tabular presentations of several vessels delivered to their ship-owners in 2002-2005. They show the typical deadweight, lengths, breadths, depths, drafts and service speeds for 40 ships. These parameters give a good awareness of just how large and how fast merchant ships can be. Photographs of ships have been added to this edition. Another addition to the 1999 edition is the nomenclature or glossary of ship terms. This will prove useful for the purpose of rapid consultation. The revision one-liners have been extended by 35 questions to bring the final total to 100. A case study, involving squat, interaction and the actual collision of two vessels is analysed in detail. The discourse on how to pass Maritime exams has now been modified and expanded. A selection of SQA/MCA exam questions set recently, together with a marking scheme, has been incorporated into this new edition. Maritime courts are continually dealing with ships that have grounded, collided or capsized. If this book helps to prevent further incidents of this sort, then the efforts of Captain D.R. Derrett and myself will have been worthwhile. Finally, it only remains for me to wish the student every success in the exams, and to wish those working within the shipping industry continued success in your chosen career. I hope this book will be of interest and assistance. C.B. Barrass
Acknowledgements
I gladly acknowledge with grateful thanks the help, comments and encouragement afforded to me by the following personnel in the Maritime Industry: Captain D.R. Derrett, Author of 'Ship Stability for Masters and Mates’, Third edition (metric) 1972, published by Stanford Maritime Ltd. Captain Sergio Battera, Vice-Chief (Retired) Pilot, Co-operation of Venice Port and Estuary Authority. Julian Parker, Secretariat, The Nautical Institute, London. Tim Knaggs, Editor of the Naval Architect, Royal Institute of Naval Architects, London. Gary Quinn, Head of Testing Services, Scottish Qualification Authority (SQA) Glasgow. Roger Towner, Chief Examiner, Department for Transport/Maritime and Coastguard Agency (DfT/MCA), Southampton. Captain G.C. Leggett, Area Operations Manager (Surveys and Inspections), Maritime and Coastguard Agency, Liverpool. Captain Neil McQuaid, Chief Executive, Marcon Associates Ltd, Southport. Malcolm Dann, Partner, Brookes Bell Jarrett Kirmann Ltd, Liverpool. Captain I.C. Clark, Maritime Author for The Nautical Institute, London. Darren Dodd, Managing Director, Saab Tank Control (UK), Wokingham. Colin Jones, Stock Control Manager, DPM Ltd, Liverpool. This page intentionally left blank
Preface
This book was written specifically to meet the needs of students studying for their Transport Certificates of Competency for Deck Officers and Engineering Officers, and STCW equivalent international qualifications. Several specimen examination questions, together with a marking scheme, have been kindly supplied by SQA/MCA. The book will also prove to be extremely useful to Maritime Studies degree students and serve as a quick and handy reference for Shipboard Officers, Naval Architects, Ship Designers, Ship Classification Surveyors, Marine Consultants, Marine Instrument Manufactures, Drydock Personnel, Ship-owner Superintendents and Cargo-Handling Managers. Stability can exist when a vessel is rolling or trimming - it is the ability to remain in stable equilibrium or otherwise. Hence there is a link between Ship Stability and Ship Motion. Stability can also exist in ship structures via the strength of the material from which they are built. A material may be stressed or strained and not return to its initial form, thereby losing its stability. Hence there is a link between Ship Stability and Ship Strength. Another type of Ship Stability exists when dealing with course-headings and course keeping. This is called Directional Stability. Examples of this are given in Chapter 38, Interaction.
Part 1 Linking Ship Stability and Ship Motions
Chapter 1 Forces and moments The solution of many of the problems concerned with ship stability involves an understanding of the resolution of forces and moments. For this reason a brief examination of the basic principles will be advisable. Forces A force can be defined as any push or pull exerted on a body. The S.I. unit of force is the Newton, one Newton being the force required to produce in a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one metre per second. When considering a force the following points regarding the force must be known: (a) The magnitude of the force. (b) The direction in which the force is applied. (c) The point at which the force is applied. The resultant force. When two or more forces are acting at a point, their combined effect can be represented by one force which will have the same effect as the component forces. Such a force is referred to as the 'resultant force', and the process of finding it is called the 'resolution of the component forces'. The resolution of forces. When resolving forces it will be appreciated that a force acting towards a point will have the same effect as an equal force acting away from the point, so long as both forces act in the same direction and in the same straight line. Thus a force of 10 Newtons (N) pushing to the right on a certain point can be substituted for a force of 10 Newtons (N) pulling to the right from the same point. (a) Resolving two forces which act in the same straight line If both forces act in the same straight line and in the same direction the resultant is their sum, but if the forces act in opposite directions the resultant is the difference of the two forces and acts in the direction of the larger of the two forces.
Contents
Acknowledgements ix Preface xi Introduction xiii Part 1 Linking Ship Stability and Ship Motions 1 Forces and moments 3 2 Centroids and the centre of gravity 11 3 Density and specific gravity 21 4 Laws of flotation 24 5 Group weights, water draft, air draft and density 34 6 Transverse statical stability 44 7 Effect of free surface of liquids on stability 51 8 TPC and displacement curves 56 9 Form coefficients 62 10 Simpson's Rules for areas and centroids 69 11 Second moments of area - moments of inertia 94 12 Calculating KB, BM and metacentric diagrams 103 13 Final KG plus twenty reasons for a rise in G 118 14 Angle of list 124 15 Moments of statical stability 134 16 Trim or longitudinal stability 143 17 Stability and hydrostatic curves 172 18 Increase in draft due to list 189 19 Water pressure 194 20 Combined list and trim 198 21 Calculating the effect of free surface of liquids (FSE) 202 22 Bilging and permeability 213 23 Dynamical stability 227 24 Effect of beam and freeboard on stability 233 25 Effects of side winds on stability 236 vi Contents 26 Icing allowances plus effects on trim and stability 239 27 Type A, Type B and Type (B-60) vessels plus FL and PL curves (as governed by DfT regulations) 243 28 Load lines and freeboard marks 248 29 Timber ship freeboard marks 261 30 IMO Grain Rules for the safe carriage of grain in bulk 266 31 Angle of loll 276 32 True mean draft 281 33 The inclining experiment plus fluctuations in a ship's lightweight 286 34 The calibration book plus soundings and ullages 293 35 Drydocking and grounding 301 36 Liquid pressure and thrust plus centres of pressure 312 37 Ship squat in open water and in confined channels 324 38 Interaction, including two case studies 337 39 Heel due to turning 353 40 Rolling, pitching and heaving motions 356 41 Synchronous rolling and parametric rolling of ships 366 42 List due to bilging side compartments 369 43 Effect of change of density on draft and trim 375 44 List with zero metacentric height 379 45 The deadweight scale 382 46 The Trim and Stability book 385 47 Simplified stability information 388 48 The stability pro-forma 394 Nomenclature of ship terms 403 Photographs of merchant ships 409 Ships of this millennium 412 Part 2 Linking Ship Stability and Ship Strength 49 Bending of beams 417 50 Bending of ships 431 51 Strength curves for ships 437 52 Bending and shear stresses 447 Part 3 Endnotes 53 Draft Surveys 467 54 Quality control plus the work of ship surveyors 470 55 Extracts from the 1998 Merchant Shipping (Load Line) Regulations Reference Number MSN 1752 (M) 473 56 Keeping up to date 480 Contents vii Part 4 Appendices I Summary of stability formulae 485 II SQA/MCA 2004 syllabuses for masters and mates 497 III Specimen exam questions with marking scheme 505 IV 100 Revision one-liners 516 V How to pass exams in maritime studies 520 References 522 Answers to exercises 524 Index 531 To my wife Hilary and our family
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Ship Stability for Masters and Mates / Sixth edition - Consolidated 2006
Year: 2006
Language: english
Author: Bryan Barrass and D.R. Derrett
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
Series: SIXTH EDITION
Format: PDF
Quality: Scanned pages
Number of pages: 549
Description:Throughout this book, when dealing with Transverse Stability, BM, GM and KM will be used. When dealing with Trim, i.e. Longitudinal Stability, then BMl, GMl and KML will be used to denote the longitudinal considerations.
Therefore, there will be no suffix 'T' for Transverse Stability, but there will be a suffix 'L' for the Longitudinal Stability text and diagrams.
In 1968, Captain D.R. Derrett wrote the highly acclaimed standard textbook 'Ship Stability for Masters and Mates'. In 1999, for the Fifth edition, I revised several areas of the Fourth edition (1984) book and introduced new topics that were in keeping with examinations and developments within the shipping industry.
Changes to the Sixth edition
In 2004, the SQA/MCA made major changes to the syllabuses for the STCW 95 Chief Mate/Master Reg. 11/2 (Unlimited) Ship Stability course. Changes were also made to the STCW 95 Officer in Charge of Navigational Watch <500 gt Reg. 11/3 (Near Coastal) General Ship Knowledge and Operations syllabus.
Other key changes since the Fifth (1999) edition and this Sixth edition include the following:
• IMO Grain Rules and angle of list
• Floodable and permissible length curves
• Icing allowances - effects on trim and stability
• A Trim and Stability pro-forma sheet
• Tabular and assigned freeboard values
• Load lines and freeboard marks
• Effects of side winds on stability - wind levers and wind moments
• The calibration book
• Update of research into squat and interaction
• Air draft considerations
• Draft Surveys - procedures and calculations
• Synchronous rolling of ships and associated dangers
• Parametric rolling of ships and associated dangers
• Timber ship freeboard marks
• Trimming moments about the aft perpendicular
• Changes in lightweight and its KG over a period of time
• Recent SQA/MCA examination questions.
xiv Ship Stability for Masters and Mates
More...
My main aims and objectives for this Sixth edition of the book are:1. To help Masters, Mates and Engineering Officers prepare for their SQA/MCA written and oral examinations.
2. To provide knowledge at a basic level for those whose responsibilities include the loading and safe operation of ships.
3. To give Maritime students and Marine Officers an awareness of problems when dealing with stability and strength, and to suggest methods for solving these problems if they meet them in their day-to-day operation of ships.
4. To act as a good quick reference source for those officers who obtained their Certificates of Competency a few months/years prior to joining their ship, port or dry-dock.
5. To help students of naval architecture/ship technology in their studies on ONC, HNC, HND and initial years on undergraduate degree courses.
6. To assist dry-dock personnel, Ship-designers, Dft ship-surveyors, Port Authorities, Marine Consultants, Nautical Study Lecturers, Marine Superintendents, etc. in their Ship Stability deliberations.
There are 12 new chapters in this new edition. Also included are tabular presentations of several vessels delivered to their ship-owners in 2002-2005. They show the typical deadweight, lengths, breadths, depths, drafts and service speeds for 40 ships. These parameters give a good awareness of just how large and how fast merchant ships can be. Photographs of ships have been added to this edition.
Another addition to the 1999 edition is the nomenclature or glossary of ship terms. This will prove useful for the purpose of rapid consultation. The revision one-liners have been extended by 35 questions to bring the final total to 100. A case study, involving squat, interaction and the actual collision of two vessels is analysed in detail.
The discourse on how to pass Maritime exams has now been modified and expanded. A selection of SQA/MCA exam questions set recently, together with a marking scheme, has been incorporated into this new edition.
Maritime courts are continually dealing with ships that have grounded, collided or capsized. If this book helps to prevent further incidents of this sort, then the efforts of Captain D.R. Derrett and myself will have been worthwhile.
Finally, it only remains for me to wish the student every success in the exams, and to wish those working within the shipping industry continued success in your chosen career. I hope this book will be of interest and assistance.
C.B. Barrass
Acknowledgements
I gladly acknowledge with grateful thanks the help, comments and encouragement afforded to me by the following personnel in the Maritime Industry:Captain D.R. Derrett, Author of 'Ship Stability for Masters and Mates’, Third edition (metric) 1972, published by Stanford Maritime Ltd.
Captain Sergio Battera, Vice-Chief (Retired) Pilot, Co-operation of Venice Port and Estuary Authority.
Julian Parker, Secretariat, The Nautical Institute, London.
Tim Knaggs, Editor of the Naval Architect, Royal Institute of Naval Architects, London.
Gary Quinn, Head of Testing Services, Scottish Qualification Authority (SQA) Glasgow.
Roger Towner, Chief Examiner, Department for Transport/Maritime and Coastguard Agency (DfT/MCA), Southampton.
Captain G.C. Leggett, Area Operations Manager (Surveys and Inspections), Maritime and Coastguard Agency, Liverpool.
Captain Neil McQuaid, Chief Executive, Marcon Associates Ltd, Southport. Malcolm Dann, Partner, Brookes Bell Jarrett Kirmann Ltd, Liverpool. Captain I.C. Clark, Maritime Author for The Nautical Institute, London. Darren Dodd, Managing Director, Saab Tank Control (UK), Wokingham. Colin Jones, Stock Control Manager, DPM Ltd, Liverpool.
This page intentionally left blank
Preface
This book was written specifically to meet the needs of students studying for their Transport Certificates of Competency for Deck Officers and Engineering Officers, and STCW equivalent international qualifications. Several specimen examination questions, together with a marking scheme, have been kindly supplied by SQA/MCA.The book will also prove to be extremely useful to Maritime Studies degree students and serve as a quick and handy reference for Shipboard Officers, Naval Architects, Ship Designers, Ship Classification Surveyors, Marine Consultants, Marine Instrument Manufactures, Drydock Personnel, Ship-owner Superintendents and Cargo-Handling Managers.
Stability can exist when a vessel is rolling or trimming - it is the ability to remain in stable equilibrium or otherwise. Hence there is a link between Ship Stability and Ship Motion. Stability can also exist in ship structures via the strength of the material from which they are built. A material may be stressed or strained and not return to its initial form, thereby losing its stability. Hence there is a link between Ship Stability and Ship Strength. Another type of Ship Stability exists when dealing with course-headings and course keeping. This is called Directional Stability. Examples of this are given in Chapter 38, Interaction.
Part 1 Linking Ship Stability and Ship Motions
Chapter 1 Forces and momentsThe solution of many of the problems concerned with ship stability involves an understanding of the resolution of forces and moments. For this reason a brief examination of the basic principles will be advisable.
Forces
A force can be defined as any push or pull exerted on a body. The S.I. unit of force is the Newton, one Newton being the force required to produce in a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one metre per second. When considering a force the following points regarding the force must be known:
(a) The magnitude of the force.
(b) The direction in which the force is applied.
(c) The point at which the force is applied.
The resultant force. When two or more forces are acting at a point, their combined effect can be represented by one force which will have the same effect as the component forces. Such a force is referred to as the 'resultant force', and the process of finding it is called the 'resolution of the component forces'.
The resolution of forces. When resolving forces it will be appreciated that a force acting towards a point will have the same effect as an equal force acting away from the point, so long as both forces act in the same direction and in the same straight line. Thus a force of 10 Newtons (N) pushing to the right on a certain point can be substituted for a force of 10 Newtons (N) pulling to the right from the same point.
(a) Resolving two forces which act in the same straight line If both forces act in the same straight line and in the same direction the resultant is their sum, but if the forces act in opposite directions the resultant is the difference of the two forces and acts in the direction of the larger of the two forces.
Contents
Acknowledgements ix Preface xi Introduction xiiiPart 1 Linking Ship Stability and Ship Motions
1 Forces and moments 3
2 Centroids and the centre of gravity 11
3 Density and specific gravity 21
4 Laws of flotation 24
5 Group weights, water draft, air draft and density 34
6 Transverse statical stability 44
7 Effect of free surface of liquids on stability 51
8 TPC and displacement curves 56
9 Form coefficients 62
10 Simpson's Rules for areas and centroids 69
11 Second moments of area - moments of inertia 94
12 Calculating KB, BM and metacentric diagrams 103
13 Final KG plus twenty reasons for a rise in G 118
14 Angle of list 124
15 Moments of statical stability 134
16 Trim or longitudinal stability 143
17 Stability and hydrostatic curves 172
18 Increase in draft due to list 189
19 Water pressure 194
20 Combined list and trim 198
21 Calculating the effect of free surface of liquids (FSE) 202
22 Bilging and permeability 213
23 Dynamical stability 227
24 Effect of beam and freeboard on stability 233
25 Effects of side winds on stability 236
vi Contents
26 Icing allowances plus effects on trim and stability 239
27 Type A, Type B and Type (B-60) vessels plus FL and PL curves (as governed by DfT regulations) 243
28 Load lines and freeboard marks 248
29 Timber ship freeboard marks 261
30 IMO Grain Rules for the safe carriage of grain in bulk 266
31 Angle of loll 276
32 True mean draft 281
33 The inclining experiment plus fluctuations in a ship's lightweight 286
34 The calibration book plus soundings and ullages 293
35 Drydocking and grounding 301
36 Liquid pressure and thrust plus centres of pressure 312
37 Ship squat in open water and in confined channels 324
38 Interaction, including two case studies 337
39 Heel due to turning 353
40 Rolling, pitching and heaving motions 356
41 Synchronous rolling and parametric rolling of ships 366
42 List due to bilging side compartments 369
43 Effect of change of density on draft and trim 375
44 List with zero metacentric height 379
45 The deadweight scale 382
46 The Trim and Stability book 385
47 Simplified stability information 388
48 The stability pro-forma 394 Nomenclature of ship terms 403 Photographs of merchant ships 409 Ships of this millennium 412
Part 2 Linking Ship Stability and Ship Strength
49 Bending of beams 417
50 Bending of ships 431
51 Strength curves for ships 437
52 Bending and shear stresses 447
Part 3 Endnotes
53 Draft Surveys 467
54 Quality control plus the work of ship surveyors 470
55 Extracts from the 1998 Merchant Shipping (Load Line) Regulations Reference Number MSN 1752 (M) 473
56 Keeping up to date 480
Contents vii
Part 4 Appendices
I Summary of stability formulae 485
II SQA/MCA 2004 syllabuses for masters and mates 497
III Specimen exam questions with marking scheme 505
IV 100 Revision one-liners 516
V How to pass exams in maritime studies 520
References 522 Answers to exercises 524 Index 531
To my wife Hilary and our family
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2012 edition
Ship Stability for Masters and Mates (7th edition) Consolidated 2012 - Bryan Barrass and D.R. Derrett [2012, PDF]
Author: Bryan Barrass and D.R. Derrett | Year: 2012 | Language: english | Format: PDF | Quality: eBook | Pages count: 535 | Genre: 7th Edition
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