Troubleshooting Electronic Circuits - A Guide to Learning Analog Electronics
Year: 2020 Language: english Author: Ronald Quan Genre: Guide Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education ISBN: 978-1-26-014357-7 Format: PDF Quality: eBook Pages count: 465 Description: This hands-on guide shows, step by step, how to build, debug, and troubleshoot a wide range of analog electronic circuits. Written by electronics guru Ronald Quan, Troubleshooting Electronic Circuits: A Guide to Learning Analog Circuits clearly explains proper debugging techniques as well as testing and modifying methods. In multiple chapters, poorly-conceived circuits are analyzed and improved. Inside, you will discover how to design or re-design high-quality circuits that are repeatable and manufacturable. Coverage includes • An introduction to electronics troubleshooting • Breadboards • Power sources, batteries, battery holders, safety issues, and volt meters • Basic electronic components • Diodes, rectifiers, and Zener diodes • Light emitting diodes (LEDs) • Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) • Troubleshooting discrete circuits (simple transistor amplifiers) • Analog integrated circuits, including amplifiers and voltage regulators • Audio circuits • Troubleshooting analog integrated circuits • Ham radio circuits related to SDR • Trimmer circuits, including the 555 chip and CMOS circuits
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Troubleshooting Electronic Circuits - A Guide to Learning Analog Electronics
Year: 2020
Language: english
Author: Ronald Quan
Genre: Guide
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
ISBN: 978-1-26-014357-7
Format: PDF
Quality: eBook
Pages count: 465
Description: This hands-on guide shows, step by step, how to build, debug, and troubleshoot a wide range of analog electronic circuits. Written by electronics guru Ronald Quan, Troubleshooting Electronic Circuits: A Guide to Learning Analog Circuits clearly explains proper debugging techniques as well as testing and modifying methods. In multiple chapters, poorly-conceived circuits are analyzed and improved. Inside, you will discover how to design or re-design high-quality circuits that are repeatable and manufacturable.
Coverage includes
• An introduction to electronics troubleshooting
• Breadboards
• Power sources, batteries, battery holders, safety issues, and volt meters
• Basic electronic components
• Diodes, rectifiers, and Zener diodes
• Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
• Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)
• Troubleshooting discrete circuits (simple transistor amplifiers)
• Analog integrated circuits, including amplifiers and voltage regulators
• Audio circuits
• Troubleshooting analog integrated circuits
• Ham radio circuits related to SDR
• Trimmer circuits, including the 555 chip and CMOS circuits
Contents
Preface . xiAcknowledgments . xiii
1 Introduction . 1
Goals of this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Quick Notes: Replacing Electrolytic Capacitors and Soldering . . . . . . . . 2
Soldering Problems (Cold Solder Connections) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Basic Breadboards . 7
Solderless Breadboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Power Buses on Solderless Breadboards . . . Look for Breaks
in the Power Bus Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
And Now Some Words of Caution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Other Breadboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 Power Sources: Batteries and Battery Holders,
Safety Issues, and Voltmeters . 17
Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Again, a Word of Caution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Expected Battery Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Survey of Digital Voltmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4 Some Basic Electronic Components . 27
Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Radial and Axial Electrolytic Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Measure Twice, Install Once: Erroneously Marked Capacitors . . . . 35
Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Using a DVM to Measure Resistance Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Measuring Low Resistance Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5 Diodes, Rectifiers, and Zener Diodes . 49
Diodes and Rectifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Forward Voltage Across Anode to Cathode and Reverse Voltage Effects . . 54
Testing Diodes and Rectifiers with Digital and Analog Volt Meters . . . . 56
Schottky Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
A Brief Look at Zener Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Some General Rules About Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6 Light-Emitting Diodes . 71
The LED’s Light Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
LED “Minimum Turn On” Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Other Types of Green LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Problems with Paralleling Two LEDs with Different Turn-On Voltages . . 83
Protecting LEDs from Damage Due to Reverse Voltage
Across the Anode and Cathode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Some Keys Points About Light Emitting Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7 Bipolar Junction Transistors . 89
Bipolar Junction Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
What Happens When a Transistor Is Damaged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Schematic Symbol of NPN and PNP Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Applying a DC Voltage to the Base of the Transistor
to Provide a Constant Current Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Improved Current Source Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
What Happens When Things Go Wrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Insufficient “Headroom Voltage” for the Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Sometimes Even a Correct Circuit Goes Bad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8 Troubleshooting Discrete Circuits (Simple Transistor Amplifiers) . 117
Important Practical Transistor Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Simple Transistor Amplifier Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
First DC Analysis: Capacitors = Batteries with Self Adjusting Voltages . . 120
Second DC Analysis: Take Out the Capacitors to Find the
DC Currents and DC Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Finding the AC Signal Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Limited Input Amplitude Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Output Swing Determined by IC and RL || R2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Troubleshooting the One-Transistor Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Using Negative Feedback to Build “Mass Production” Amplifiers . . . . . 135
DC Analysis of Self-Biasing Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
AC Analysis of a Self-Biased Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Output Resistance Ro' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Another Common Emitter Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Troubleshooting the Amplifier in Figure 8-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Maximum Output Voltage Swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Amplifier’s Emitter AC Grounded via CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Amplifier’s Emitter Partially AC Grounded via
Series RE2 and CE2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Finding an Optimum Bias Point for Maximum Output Swing
with Just an Emitter Resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
9 Analog Integrated Circuits Including Amplifiers and
Voltage Regulators . 161
Operational Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Maximum Safe Power Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Minimum Power Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Caution on Providing Supply Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Maximum Output Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Output Voltage Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Input Signal Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Non-Inverting Gain Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Inverting Gain Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
A Short Look at Linear Voltage Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Drop-Out Voltage Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Voltage Selections, Packages, Pin Outs and Schematics . . . . . . . . . . 204
Knowing the Pin Out Sequence Is Important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Low–Drop-Out Voltage Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
10 Audio Circuits . 213
Preamps and Power Amps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
A Basic Difference Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Dynaco PAT-5 Low-Level Preamp Section and Power Supply . . . . 221
Preamp’s DC Bias Point Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
AC Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
A High-Fidelity Audio Power Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
DC Biasing Conditions in Figure 10-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
AC Signal Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
11 Troubleshooting Analog Integrated Circuits . 241
Circuits That Need Fixing or Redesigning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Photodiode Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Trans-resistance Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Reference Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
12 Some Ham Radio Circuits Related to SDR . 267
Software Defined Radio Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Some Troubleshooting Tips Concerning Figure 12-5
and Figure 12-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
A Common Sample-and-Hold RF Mixer Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
A Preferred Implementation with Sample-and-Hold Circuits . . . . . . . . 284
A Cool Four-Phase Commutating Mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
DC Bias Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Testing Circuit with an RF or Function Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Improving the “Original Design” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Another View of Op Amp Circuits (Where the Inverting
Input Drives a Load) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Suggested System Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Crystal Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Types of Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Low-Frequency Cylindrical Crystals, “Standard” Crystals,
and Ceramic Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Standard HC-49 and High-Frequency Cylindrical Crystals . . . . . . . . . . 308
Ceramic Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Be Aware of Overtone Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Gain Bandwidth Product Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
13 Timer, CMOS, and Motor Drive Circuits . 319
Types of 555 Timer Chips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Basic Modes of the 555 Timer Chip and Pin Outs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
The 555 Pulse Generator (a.k.a., One-Shot or Monostable Mode) . . . . . 321
Troubleshooting the 555 One-Shot Monostable Timer . . . . . . . . . . 324
When You Want to AC Couple a Signal to Trigger a Pulse
Output Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
“Strange” Output Signals Observed via an Oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Troubleshooting the 555 Oscillator (a.k.a. Astable Mode) . . . . . . . . 329
One More Example on Driving Speakers with the 555 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Why Again an Output Coupling Capacitor Is Preferable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Using a 555 to Drive Motors via Pulse-Width Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Summary of Troubleshooting Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
14 Troubleshooting Other Circuits, Including Kits and Projects . 347
Component Kits and Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
LED and Sensor Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
A Quick Detour with the LM386 Audio Power Amplifier IC . . . . . . . . . 354
Photonics: A Light Transceiver System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Thermal Sensing Circuit via Thermistor
(Temperature-Dependent Resistor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
A Circuit Using an Electrolytic Capacitor Incorrectly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Identifying and Fixing “Bad” Circuit Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
An Example of the Missing Ground Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Ferrite Beads to Tame Parasitic Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
15 More Tips and Final Thoughts . 387
Deciphering Schematics with Too Many Connection Flags . . . . . . . . . . 388
Troubleshooting with Minimal Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Analog Meter Driving Circuits for AC Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Troubleshooting an Older Push Pull Audio Amplifier
in a 1950s Transistor Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Reducing Noise on the Power Supply Bus with Multiple Circuits . . 403
Bad Connections from Some IC Sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Summary and Final Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
A Choosing Test Equipment . 411
Lab Power Supplies (Adjustable) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Signal Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Oscilloscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Examples of Display Resolution and Number of Memory Points . . . . . . 417
Oscilloscope Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
An Inexpensive Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
B Online Learning Resources . 425
C Components and Parts Suppliers . 427
General Electronic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Transistors, FETs, Diodes, LEDs, Photodiodes, and ICs . . . . . . . . . . 427
Low-Noise Transistors and JFETs, Including Matched Pairs . . . . . . 427
Passive Components, Resistors, Capacitors, Fixed Valued
Inductors, Transformers, Tools, Soldering Irons,
Breadboards, and Solder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Kit Parts for Transistors, Diodes, Capacitors, Resistors,
LEDs, and More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Ham Radio Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Crystals, Inductors, Capacitors, Transistors,
RF Transistors, Transformers, and ICs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Oscillator Coils, IF Transformers, and Audio Transformers . . . . . . 428
Antenna Coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Variable Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Science Kits, Cool Things, and Everything Else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Index . 431
Screenshots
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