Sailing Shipping and Maritime Labor in Camogli (1815―1914) Floating Communities in the Global World - Leonardo Scavino [2022, PDF]

Contents

Acknowledgments ix
List of Tables, Figures, Maps and Illustrations xi
Introduction 1
1 Liguria and Camogli: A Maritime Region (Late 18th–19th Century) 9
1 Introduction 9
2 Ligurian Communities and Merchant Shipping before Transition 10
3 The Ligurian Maritime Region in the 19th Century 16
3.1 Port Movement 19
3.2 The Merchant Fleet 24
3.3 The Shipbuilding Industry 29
3.4 Maritime Labor 32
4 Camogli: Port, Town and People 36
4.1 The Port and Infrastructure 37
4.2 Urban Development 42
4.3 Demography 45
5 Conclusions 47
2 Camogli’s Seafaring Activities in the Late 18th Century 49
1 Introduction 49
2 The Merchant Fleet 49
3 Camogli: A Fishing Center 54
4 Camogli in the Tyrrhenian Shipping System 58
5 A Long-Lasting Trade: Tuscan Charcoal 64
6 Conclusions 70
3 Seafaring Activities in the Extended Mediterranean (1830–70) 72
1 Introduction 72
2 The Merchant Fleet 73
3 Sailing the Black Sea 82
4 Historical Background 87
5 Merchant Communities and Commercial Networks 92
5.1 The Greek Networks 93
5.2 The Ligurian Networks 95
6 Camogli and the Black Sea Commercial Networks 106
7 To the Black Sea 110vi Contents
8 From the Black Sea 126
9 Camogli at British Ports 130
10 Conclusions 133
4 Seafaring Activities on a Global Scale (1870s–1900s) 135
1 Introduction 135
2 The Transition from Sail to Steam: New Technologies in
Shipping 135
3 The Merchant Fleet 151
4 Expanding across the Oceans (1870–90) 160
4.1 Migrants, Guano, Coolies and Other Traffic: Camogli Ships in the
Latin American Area (Late 1860s–Early 1880s) 161
4.2 Camogli’s Shipping and the Alternatives to Suez 166
5 Resilience at the Turn of the Century (1890–1914) 170
5.1 Geography of Camogli’s Sailing Cross-Trade 171
5.2 Merchandise 174
5.3 The Steam Fleet of Camogli: Routes and Shipping Patterns 180
6 Conclusions 183
5 Shipowners and the Shipping Business in Camogli 185
1 Introduction 185
2 Shipping Families 186
2.1 Schiaffino 187
2.2 Olivari 189
2.3 Mortola 191
2.4 Razeto 194
2.5 Other Families (Repetto, Bertolotto, and Degregori) 197
3 Individual Ownership and Communitarian Shipping 202
3.1 The Carati System 204
3.2 The Società di Mutua Assicurazione Marittima
Camogliese (1851) 209
3.3 The Foundation of the Nuova Camogliese (1873–78) 215
4 Shipping and Investment in the Community 218
4.1 The Institution of the Nautical School (1874) 219
4.2 The Construction of the Teatro Sociale of Camogli (1876) 221
5 Shipowners Facing Transition 224
5.1 Financial Crisis: The Collapse of the Communitarian Maritime
Credit System (1878–88) 224
5.2 Shipowners and the National Maritime Debate (1880–83) 230
6 Conclusions 237Contents vii
6 Maritime Labor in Camogli during Transition 239
1 Introduction 239
2 Maritime Registers as Historical Sources 239
2.1 Methodology 243
2.2 Maritime Actors 244
3 The “Floating Communities” of Camogli 248
3.1 The Endogenous Labor Market before the 1880s 248
3.2 Kinship and Community: Onboard Relationships in Traditional
Seafaring 254
3.3 Camogli in the Global Challenge 258
3.4 Local and Global in Conflict 262
4 Wages and Professionalization: Labor Mobility in the Age
of Sail 266
4.1 From “Share” to Salary 266
4.2 Technological Advance, Labor Productivity, and Deskilling 270
4.3 Professionalization: Captains and Mates in Transition 276
5 Abandoning Camogli’s Fleet 282
5.1 From Sail to Steam 282
5.2 Quitting Maritime Careers 286
6 Conclusions 290
7 Leaving the Community: Professional Transfer and Labor Migration 292
1 Introduction 292
2 The Emigration and Desertion of Camogli’s Global Seafarers 293
3 Different Flag, Same Sails: Maritime Labor Migration in Europe 300
4 Ligurian Migration to Peru and Argentina 303
4.1 Labor Migration 306
4.2 The Shipping Business and Entrepreneurship 311
5 A Case of Migration by Accident: The Foundation of Camogli’s
Community in Tristan da Cunha (1892) 319
6 Conclusions 322
Conclusions 324
Appendixes 327
Archival Sources 351
Bibliography 354
Index 376